Kierkegaard and Nietzsche

There are a number of misconceptions many have regarding the philosophy of existentialism. Probably the most common misconception is the notion that it is a nihilistic, dark philosophy with a miserable outlook. This is a horribly inaccurate assessment as existentialism is really a philosophy of looking at life through a realistic lens. Of course, different people see things differently and this is why even famous, leading existentialist philosophers such as Kierkegaard and Nietzsche have diverse teaching methodologies for presenting existentialism. In order to clearly understand existentialism, one must look at some of these differences between these two existentialist philosophers.Both of these two philosophers understand that it is often perception that gets in the way of reality. That is, people will look at life their own biases and perspectives as opposed to looking at reality. Both Kierkegaard and Nietzsche understand that this inherent flaw is common among all humans and they stress that improvement of the individual can overcome this problem. Their approaches to the problem, however, lack much in terms of similarity.Probably the main difference between the two would be the notion of inward understanding vs. outward expression. For Kierkegaard, there is much internalization. That is, the individual needs to look at his or her own flaws and come to an anagnoris of that is somewhat akin to enlightenment and personal spirituality. For Nietzsche, the approach is far more humanist as the process for self improvement is found in how the person acts. That is to say, enlightenment does not come from a quasi sense of spirituality as much as it comes in personal achievement in realized goals. In a way, Nietzsche's â€Å"superman† displays who he is through his actions. For Kierkegaard, there is internal philosophizing that creates a different perspective. This, too, can change the person but without the external displays.Individualism is a very important po int for both of these philosophers. Often, existentialism is the philosophy of the self and is not concerned with collectivism. (This is one of the reasons why the philosophy is erroneously referred to as being pure narcissism) Kierkegaard, while very negative towards the notion of group think and groups, stresses that there are certain gains that can be made from within the group.This is provided, of course, that the man does not allow the group to take over his thinking. For Nietzsche it would seem there is more anger and bitterness towards the group. He has little use for collective pursuits of any kind and would prefer to shun it as opposed to Kierkegaard plays the collective for individual benefit. That is, use the flaws of the group as a guiding principle for self enlightenment.If there was any confusion present it would center on the notion that one could be self enlightened or a superman within a vacuum. That is, if you are the loner who feels â€Å"above it all† what value can that be worth if the group collective does not honor you achievements. Perhaps Kierkegaard and Nietzsche would state that whatever the group believes is worthless but most people do hope to gain value from the collective's envy. Then again, perhaps this confusion derives from rejecting some of the isolationist tendencies of existentialism. If you are not willing to completely reject â€Å"the group† then much of existentialism will prove unappealing.Once again, while the teachings of Kierkegaard and Nietzsche in regards to promoting existentialism seek the same goal, their approaches have a number of differences. Some are overt and some are subtle. Then, some are merely a matter of perception.HeideggerBut what really is the human being? While there are physical, biological and even spiritual aspects that comprise the human being most people can not put the sums together and provide a finite, conclusive answer to that very important question. Yet, it has been a ques tion posed by many existential philosophers for many years. One existentialist who sought to provide a very unique and definitive insight to what is a human being was Heidegger/ The attempts to do so are seen in his examination of Dasein. Dasein is essentially a way of looking at the individual's place in the world. As such, if you understand the person's place in the world then you will understand the person. In a way, this is because a being and a being's environment are inseparable. After all, does not environment shape the being?The interesting point that Heidegger puts forth is that throughout human history there is an unfortunate tendency by society to ignore the question of being. This is because the being is taken for granted. That is, individualism is somewhat discarded due to benign neglect. This is the result of putting far too much emphasis on society towards looking at the being on overly psychoanalytical of not overly metaphysical means. In other words, the collective has too much of a complicated definition for the being. This is often because society does not look at the being from the perspective of extreme simplicity: a human is a thinking organism prone to emotion. When a school of thought or an institution ignores this fact the ability to truly understand the being is lost.In a way, it would seem that Heidegger would hope that the being – the individual – would ignore society as it generally ignores him. That does not mean one should be dismissive or insubordinate to the rule of law. It simply means one should seek his or her own individual path and try to avoid the collective mentality and the influences it pedals.In a similar vein, there are a number of strong opinions surrounding Heidegger's philosophy vs. Wittgenstein's Logical Positivism. On a baseline level, Logical Positivism is a rebuke of mysticism and seeks to establish a more secular, logic based outlook on life. In a way, it is much like traditional existentialism although its approach can be somewhat more biting. What makes the comparison between Heidegger's theories and Logical Positivism is the fact that followers of Logical Positivism often accuse Heidegger's theories of being overly based in mysticism!This is a bizarre notion because it would infer that Heidegger's outlook on the concept of the being was not based on humanism, Instead, it would be inferred that the being centered on mysticism. Perhaps this is because those who prescribe to Logical Positivism see concepts of â€Å"the being† as being psychoanalytical variants of mysticism and spirituality. Obviously, this was not Heidegger's intention and such an inference would infer confusion.Perhaps this is because the Logical Positives followers would assume that there is far too much speculation inherent to answering questions regarding who or what is the being. Again, this brings us to the antagonistic attitudes certain realists may have regarding anything psychoanalytical. P erhaps to these individuals looking inward to answer questions of being might walk to close of a line towards spirituality. (Again, this is not Heidegger's intent but this is how some critics may have defined it.) Notion of spirituality walk too closely to mysticism for followers of Logical Positivism and that is why they may very well reject Heidegger.On a basic level, however, Heidegger's theories of the being are sound. Of course, there will be critics and that is expected, but to outright dismiss the benefits of Heidegger's work upon cursory examination would not be the wisest path to take.

Opportunities and Threats of Toyota

—Fuel Efficiency focus need to keep innovating here, and they have been where they are going to be Rolling out a hydrogen fuel cell car in 2015. They are a leader in this technology as they have been with the plug in electric/gas vehicles. —Continue adapting to customer’s new needs scion – going for our generation of the generation Y, sporty but cheaper models of cars. While the Toyota is known as a family car, the scion is seen as the kids car. Going further, the lexus is known as the exus – going for the people who can spend a little more money, and do not want the super popular cars. —More acquisitions to enter new markets Robotics – created a wheelchair that can be controlled by the mind for people who are paralyzed. They are focusing more on robotics to help the elderly, as they are doing in Japan. This will be great here in America as soon as the Baby Boomers start to retire. Toyota has also dipped their feet into Aerospace and A gricultural biotechnology Average car in the US 11 years old, which is a record. This is at least in part to increasing quality of car manufacturing, making them last longer, but nevertheless, this is an opportunity for all car makers, as people like to upgrade to new technology. Threats —General Motors’ reorganization —VW, BMW~ other cars moving into the fuel efficient focus Honda, Smart cars, Ford, Chevy, Nissan.. They all understand that there is a high demand for these fuel efficient cars with the rising cost of oil, So they are all putting a lot of time and money into the fuel efficiency technology. Also going along with this are the cars that are fully electric and are what I like to call tiny pop cans, like the smart cars. Toyota can lose a lot of —Natural disasters —Emission regulations Emission standards are requirements that set specific limits to the amount of pollutants that can be released into the environment. Many emissions standards focus on regulating pollutants released by automobiles (motor cars) —Higher cost of raw materials One glaring example is the sky-rocketing cost of rubber, a major tire component, which has climbed nearly 74% this year after rising 92% in 2009

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Research paper - Essay Example Thus, this paper considers supporting and opposing arguments, arguing against the perception painted by the media that the sports are too dangerous. Introduction The phrase, ‘extreme sport,’ refers to a collection of activities traditionally associated with risk taking. They mostly involves dangerous elements like severe weather, high speeds and high altitudes, therefore making them highly risky sports, particularly when judgment or equipment fail (Burke and Orlick 42; Clemmit 304). The mental and physical demands in these sports are high. Jay (6) categorizes these sports into three based on the place of action. Speed is the major goal in extreme land sports. Extreme air sports have its participants fly, leaping off a high building or bridge. Extreme water sports involve speed, balance or nature exploration. These are all risky sports and should be tried only with proper equipments and training and under supervision. Examples of these sports include high altitude climbin g, skating, motor-cross and martial arts among others. Extreme sports have become popular all over the world because of entertainment industries, corporate sponsors and mass communication. According to Mickle, over the past two decades, the sport has grown exponentially, outdoing other sporting activity. Many organizations use these sports to sell their products because the sports attract mass audience. Another reason is because they want customers to associate their products with the power exhibited in extreme sports. For example, snowboarders are about 18.5 million in the world, with 75% of America’s population of these snowboarders being made up of young people below the age of 24 (Clemmit 300). This popularity could be interpreted to show that the sport is not as dangerous as the public has been made to perceive it or that many people are at risk of the involved dangers. It is therefore important to consider arguments on either side to make an informed conclusion. Argumen ts for Extreme Sports being too dangerous Referring to these sports as extreme indicates their potential; any small mistake could highly lead to death, hence considered as too dangerous. First, they are barbaric and deadly. Clemmit (299) gives the example of mixed martial arts, MMA, where combatants use deadly moves which are kickboxing, sumo and jujitsu among others. It is out of such techniques that the author gives the example of Dean Lewis, a Canadian teenager who was injured badly in the ring because of an upkick to the nose, an illegal technique in MMA. In fact, the American and British medical associations does not approve of ultimate fighting because they risk physically and permanently harming participants. Their advocacy for states to ban such sports has seen states such as New York consider illegalizing such extreme sports (Profato 313). The risk of death extends from competitors in such sports to third parties, including the referees and audience. Even if participants pr epare themselves well, unforeseen risks such as slippery surfaces could easily lead to fatal accidents. Therefore, even the most competent sportspersons face the risk of death from extreme sports. Damage to property has been another reason for argument against extreme sports by its opponents. Property stand to be destroyed in case of an accident in these sports because most of them happen in public, multi-use spaces (Clemmit 310). Motor-cross sports have been cited

Manned mission to Mars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Manned mission to Mars - Essay Example Moon is the natural satellite of earth which is located near to the earth compared to other planets. Only Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were able to land on moon so far even though many other satellites were send to moon for explorations. The access to moon is still not easy for the humans. Under such circumstances manned missions to Mars has made lot of controversies. Some people argue that manned missions to mars are the only way to find more things about our neighboring planets and to explore the possibilities of any life there. Moreover, only manned missions will be able to prove beyond doubt that how useful the external planets for human beings. On the other hand, critics believe that manned missions to mars is a risky topic because of the immense possibilities of danger both on the way and while landing on moon. This paper briefly analyses the arguments in favor and against manned mission to mars Critics of manned mars mission have raised three major questions; a) how to get funding?, b) how to land on Mars safely?, and c) how to ascent from Mars safely? (Heinonen). It is not easy to send manned spacecrafts to mars. Billions of dollars are needed for mars exploration. It is practically difficult for a single country to bear such huge expenses. But somehow if we are bale to manage the expenses for manned mission, the second question is how to land safely on mars. We have less knowledge about the atmosphere and others dangers waiting for us in Mars. Even the landing on moon was not easy for us even though we did succeed once. Many people believe that high energy cosmic rays and other ionizing radiations might be available in Mars. Moreover, mars have low gravity than earth which may cause further problem to the explorers. The third major cause of concern about manned mars mission is the question of how to ascent from mars even if we succeeded in landing safely on mars. On the other hand,

Political Perspectives of Marjorie Cohn. Cowboy Republic Essay

Political Perspectives of Marjorie Cohn. Cowboy Republic - Essay Example Given the dominance the United States in world affairs, most justice groups and organizations championing for human rights from around the world, including the United States, became critical about the decision. Despite the United States having signed up to the Rome statute that established the International Criminal Court in 2000, the administration of the then president George Bush unsigned the statute in 2002. Since then, the United States has continued to pressure other countries into signing agreements forbidding them from surrendering citizens of the United States to the International Criminal Court. The United States even threatened to use force, including military force in the event that any of its citizens are held at the court1. Erna Paris attempts to explore why The United States, a country known to be vocal in matters relating to human rights would refuse to protect human rights by not signing up to the Rome Statute that established the International Criminal Court. From a political perspective, the United States had the fear that the International Criminal Court may be used politically by other nations against it. For a long time, the United States continually got involved in dubious schemes around the world. In most cases, it got involved in the propping up of dictators and unpopular regimes. The United States has also been known to train and offer arms to a number of known abusers of human rights. This was mostly done during the period of cold war. The United States justified its actions as being better than if it allowed such countries to adopt communism. The United States was very involved in most regions of the world, citing the domino theory that if a single nation outside its known sphere of influence would fall, others would follow1. Erna Paris grapples with the dilemma in the twenty first century where the rule of international law is challenged by the political power held by the United States. The treaty that set up the International Crimi nal Court categorized as war crimes acts of forced pregnancy, rape, torture and forceful recruitment of child soldiers. The United States objected this inclusion and suggested that the court should only concern itself with genocide cases. The United States, being a large military and economic power, is expected to intervene in catastrophes of humanitarian consequences. This particularly makes citizens and officials of the United States vulnerable to arrests and trials by the International criminal Court in cases of humanitarian crises. The United States, a country known to promote its interests only, knew that the International Criminal Court would expose its political vulnerability to its perceived enemies. Being a country that boasts the best political institutions, the country would become helpless in trying to protect its citizens against the International Criminal Court without appearing to violate the human rights it has always championed for. Marjorie Cohn in the book, Cowboy Republic: Six Ways the Bush Gang has defied the Law, examines six ways of greatest importance that the government of the United States under the presidency of George Bush defied and consequently led to the weakening of the rule of law. The first reason was the establishment of the prison in Guantanamo bay, where suspects of terrorism were held without trial. Despite the president knowing well

Celebrities Endorsement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Celebrities Endorsement - Essay Example This model can be employed by the brand managers of a company for the selection of entities for their respective celebrity endorsement initiatives and also for capitalizing and leveraging on the accessible celebrity resources through the use of a 360 degree model of brand communication which acts as the primary platform for assessing the impact and outcomes of celebrity endorsement on the popularity and positioning of a company. Celebrity endorsement has emerged as one of the most popular techniques used in advertising in the contemporary corporate world. Celebrity endorsement is perceived as a metaphorical trend and a winning formula in the domain of marketing, advertising and brand perception building for a wide category of companies. The choice of a celebrity for the advertisement of any particular product or service is one of the most crucial and tough decisions that is faced by the brand manager of a company. This is because, once a celebrity is chosen for the endorsement of the brand or the product, then the customers and stakeholders of the company automatically establish a direct sense of association between the enduring celebrity and the company and its products (Oyserman, Coon, and Kemmelmeier, 2002). Celebrity endorsement is a commonly used marketing and branding strategy that is employed by different marketing and branding managers of a company to promote brands, services or products. Though initially, the celebrity endorsement strategy of marketing was significantly used in the skincare and cosmetic brands, nowadays, celebrity endorsements have become an important marketing strategy for all types of industries and companies. celebrity endorsement is considered to be highly effective marketing strategies because they can easily trigger public interest and awareness and also draw their attention to buying the particular product or service of a company.

Underage Drinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Underage Drinking - Essay Example Lacks of legal framework coupled by moral decay in the society are the two main barriers to mitigating the problem of underage drinking. The number of young people engaging in underage drinking has been increasing with time. Everyday there are more than 5,000 kids in the US who are aged 16 and below who have the first full alcoholic drink. Statistics have shown that alcohol is the most abused substance compared to other like tobacco, marijuana, or other hard drugs by the young people. The average age of drinking has been set ad 12 to 17 years although the average age at which kids are introduced to alcoholic drinks is at 13 years. The episode of binge dirking has also been increasing with time. It is shown that the level of binge drinking by young people has increased by more that a half compared to the level in 1990s. Between 1993 and 2001 studies have found out that more than 56% of the kids aged between 13 and 20 had at least one binge drinking occasion in the past 30 days. A recent study has show that more than 10.8 million persons between the age of 12 and 20 reported to have been drinking alcohol in the past on e month. Almost 7.2 million of them were binge drinkers. (The Center for Alcohol Marketing, 2008) There are many reasons that have given by the young drinkers as to why they find it easy to abuse alcohol compared to other substances. They have given a variety of reasons but the availability of alcohol and lack of restrictive laws on the use of alcohol has been given as the most prevalent factor why they abuse alcohol than other drugs It has been shown that alcohol is readily available and can be purchased without restrictions unlike other substances. But a good number of them also showed that there is little apparently control. Even when they go to their home drunk, they are not reprimanded by their parents. This is perhaps the greatest factor that has contributed to increased number of underage drinking as compared to other reasons that can be given. It shows an intricate moral decay and lack of parental control on underage drinking. On the issue of availably of the drinks, the convenient suitor have been criticized for promoting under age drinking they have been providing drinks to the kids even without need of identification. While there are strict government laws regulation the sale of alcohol in other areas, these rules have not been well enforced in convenience stores. The fact that there are not official to look at what kids are drinking makes it more complicated to control underage drinking. However it may be difficult for the convenience stores to put in place control measures that will ensure that underage drinkers don't purchase drinks since it has been shown that some of them come in company of their parents and purchase the drinks. The issue of underage drinking has been tackled using a variety of tactics. The state security machinery including the police force has been directed to deal firmly with the problem. But the underage

The Boeing Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Boeing Company - Assignment Example The customers of Boeing Company are mainly the famous and established airlines and most of the country airways having their operations going globally (Yennev 2010). These airlines include United Air Lines, Caribbean Airlines, Delta Airlines, Canadian Pacific Airlines and other major airlines, other major customers include the various country Airways. Boeing Defense, Space and Security main customers are United States Air Force, Air France, and other governments’ mainly military jets and airplanes (Yennev 2010). The order qualifiers of this company is that it is a multinational company and has a consolidated financial base overcoming the capital and financial barriers having a number of manufacturing and assembly plants in the major countries globally another major qualifier is that the airplane manufacturing and aerospace aviation industry is less competitive with only a few firms (Russell 2005). The order winners of Boeing Company is a better marketing policies that has edged out its major competitors Airbus Company which involves effective market segmentation of its customers on geographical locations. It is also important to note that the company has an effective positioning and targeting strategies where the company has developed airplanes basing on the distance and capacity to suit the customer’s preference and needs (Russell 2005). Existing problem There are some problems that Boeing company faces currently which include: managerial problems where it is ridged semi-autocratic management style in which the employers and top management make decisions without involving employees which negatively impacts on the development of new operations and management designs that are important to any multinational company thus the need to adopt modern management models (Duane 2009). Secondly is the labour problem mainly affecting production characterized with delayed delivery and this has been greatly attributed by the inexperienced workforce dealing with t he aircraft designs which involves complex operations and advance technologies which is complicated further by the need to adopt new sophisticated manufacturing and production designs considered to be efficient and effective (Yennev 2010). This situation has created more operations management leading to increase in overall cost per plane moreover complains from the major customers thus special inspections are carried out by The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) on all the airplanes and jetliners and that the employees motivation has not been taken care resulting into increases inefficiencies in the operations and increased challenges in project management. The airplane and jets commercial market is experiencing a slowdown due to the impacts of terrorism in which the airline industry has been hit harder especially after the 11th Sept there has been low demand and significant reduction in the order number, sales to its major customers mainly the airlines and various other country based airways has significantly reduced. The key problem faced by The Boeing Company can be summarized to be the labour workforce management, operations and the overall effective management of its projects (Duane 2009) Impacts of the problem The above problem has greatly impacted The Boeing Company negatively because of its long term persistence in the

Managing high performance work teams and leadership effectivenessjob Essay

Managing high performance work teams and leadership effectivenessjob satisfaction - Essay Example Leadership is a critical part in the field of management. The consequences of poor leadership in an organization would include increase costs, damage to relationships and loss of trust. It is therefore imperative to have an effective leader in an organization to achieve goals and attain success. Effective leadership separates the successful organization from failed companies . But what is effective leadership Defining leadership is very complex. There exists a lot of meaning for leadership, along with theories and models to describe them. Leadership is the process of influencing others to accomplish an objective and the manner of guiding an organization to become consistent and unified (Briner et al 1996). Leadership capitalizes on individual strengths to fulfill the roles of the position. Effective leaders perform in a proactive manner. They also maintain a balance between the internal and external forces at play in the organization. Effective leaders today are very different from leaders from the past. The time has passed and the environment has changed. Today, leaders must have the capacity and capability to lead complex organization in a global setting and proportion. The trend for leaders now is to demonstrate visionary thinking with the ability to execute the vision. He must hold the highest standards of ethics. He should develop other people in different levels, while understanding the business as a whole and building influential relationships with customers and stakeholders. Pioneers of effective leaderships includes Peter Drucker. He searches for answers on what makes an executive most effective. To be effective means that leaders must manage their time, focus on people's contributions to create results, build on strengths, set priorities and make effective decisions (Drucker, 1967). Stephen Covey (1992), a leadership guru, provided insights into facing daily challenges by employing the concept of principle-centered leadership. Jim Collins (2001), a business consultant, defined the five level leadership hierarchy. These are: Level 1-Highly Capable Individual; Level 2-Contributing Team Member; Level 3-Competent Manager; Level 4: Effective Executive; and Level 5-The Leader. Peter Senge (1990) points out the need for an organization not only to adapt to a changing environment, but also to go beyond adapting to a generative learning approach that allows for growth. Building an organization where people are continually expanding their capabilities to shape their future is the key responsibility for leadership. He identified the need to have a learning organization. Margaret Wheatley (1992) looked at how new discoveries in quantum physics, chaos theory, and biology challenged our way of thinking about organizations. She showed that the old models of leadership, such as hero-leader or leader as individual, stands in the way of the organization's innovativeness and effectiveness. She predicted that the ultimate destination of an organization is the realization that teams are capable of being self-managed where the idea of leadership may be different. High performance teams are a product of the learning organization concept and the idea of self-managed teams. This team can work on its own. Senge and Wheatley innovated the new concept of team-based leadership. High performance teams are created with a mission that have developed their own set of norms or rules, which is written as a team charter. The team members have clearly designated

Explain the Main Difficulties That are Faced During Overseas Study Essay Example for Free

Explain the Main Difficulties That are Faced During Overseas Study Essay As Australian universities have obtained popularity in the worldwide zone, the number of overseas students has been increased progressively. Accompanying with the overseas study trend, numerous difficulties that are faced during the overseas study appeared. To be specified, the term overseas study in this essay can be defined as students from those non-English speaking countries, especially Asian countries, receive the tertiary education in Australian universities. There are many difficulties can be encountered during the overseas study, some of which are the barrier of language, the new mode of education and the difference of culture. Firstly, the general problem in the overseas study is the language barrier. Although the language abilities of overseas students have been tested and verified by the language tests such as IELTS or TOEFL, there are still some obstacles in the English usage for academic purpose and daily communication. For instance, on campus lectures, tutorials, consultations and discussions are normally conducted in English, so there can be a huge number of technical terms that have never been heard by those international students. It may cause inaccurate understanding of some certain problems. The fast-talking and the use of slang during off campus everyday life such as the purchase of food, clothes and other necessities can also make a confusing. Therefore, academic or special usage of English can lead to some trouble in understanding as the incomprehension of English usage of those overseas students. The second difficulty that can be faced during the overseas study is completely different mode of learning. As differences of education widely exist among countries and also the gap between elementary education and tertiary education is generally concerned, overseas students will face two huge changes while receiving education abroad. To give an example, in many Asian countries, the study style before college is more like being driven or in another word, passive, whereas the tertiary education undertaken in Australian universities is more inclined to an independent process. As a consequence, the lack of motivation and automaticity can be shown on some overseas students that the education of those students may not be continued. Thirdly, the difference of culture is considered as one of the main difficulties that can be faced during overseas study. Culture varies from country to country, and the culture difference between Asian countries and Australia is tremendous. The hard adaption of culture difference should be made. For example, the food culture, the clothing culture and the religious culture can be quite different. A lot of Asian students used to have lunch as the main meal, however, in Australia, supper is regarded as the main meal. Hence, overseas study can be hard when spending time and energy on making adaption of these differences. In conclusion, the three main difficulties that are faced during the overseas study are the barrier of language due to the incomprehension of some specific terms and usage in English; the entirely different way of learning which depends on the independence; the huge difference of disparate culture which can be hard to be adapted. Of the three difficulties, the culture difference is the toughest because it is hard for an international student to adjust himself from a background to a wholly unlike one.

Responsibilities in Immigration Enforcement

Responsibilities in Immigration Enforcement Local, State, Federal Police and the Enforcement of Immigration Policies; Who is Responsible? ABSTRACT According to the Department of Homeland Security Office of Immigration Statistics, 10.8 million undocumented immigrants reside in the United States, but the Pew Hispanic Center (2011) estimated the total number of undocumented immigrants in the United States to be 11.2 million (American Immigration Council, 2011). The U.S. Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) employ fewer than 2000 enforcement agents responsible for the apprehension, detention, and deportation of undocumented immigrants present in the U.S. (Tonnucci, 2011). Although there are more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies within the U.S., local and state law enforcement agencies primary mission involves a multitude of public safety duties and responsibilities. Law enforcement agencies have been operating with limited resources since the national economic downturn that began in 2008. The responsibility for the enforcement of federal immigration laws on the local or state level will overburden local and state responsibilities, redistribute limited personnel to unfamiliar functions, and sever beneficial relationships established in the communities being serviced (Booth, 2006). The recommendations presented are that law enforcement officials should be able to enforce the immigration laws that are already in place and reform laws that need relevant consequences, so there will be harsher punishments for those who choose to break the law. It will also suggest that if the U.S. chooses to let productive immigrants reside in the U.S., with proper and legal documentation, then they should be afforded educational and training opportunities so they can be successful members of society. INTRODUCTION The United States is a nation comprised of citizens with immigrant origins. Everyone, except possibly Native American Indians, can trace their ancestors to some other locale. Within the past two decades, the United States has experienced high increases in immigrant populations moving to all parts of the world, including Asia and Latin America (Khashu, 2009). As of 1990, the immigration population rose from 7.9% to 11.1% in 2000 and to 12.9% in 2013. The U.S. Census Bureau reported in 2013 that the U.S. was home to nearly 40 million immigrants (American Immigration Council, 2012). Americas acceptance of immigrants has created a diverse population that has witnessed conflict and suspicion toward immigrant groups. The demographic shifts have created national debate on the immigration policies, practices, and enforcement of established laws. Local police departments and state law enforcement agencies are being pressured to share responsibility in the enforcement of the established immigr ation laws although these federal laws should be the responsibility of the federal government, alone. With immigration laws being federal statutes, the federal government determines the role of the local and state law enforcement agencies in the enforcement of their laws. Federal agencies began to face daunting tasks surrounding the apprehension, detention, and deportation of nearly twelve million immigrants during the 1990s (Khashu, 2009). The federal government launched programs and initiatives in an effort to enlist the collaboration of approximately 18,000 local and state agencies to assist in the identification and deportation of illegal immigrants (Khashu, 2009). These programs were designed to improve the communication among local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies in the sharing of detainee information. In 1996, Congress passed legislation expanding the role of local law enforcement with regards to federal immigration enforcement. The U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) 287(g) Immigration and Nationality Act program is the most notable program. The 287(g) Immigration and Nationality Act program is a delegation of immigration authority to local and state law enforcement agencies within their respective jurisdictions allowing the enforcement of immigration laws under a joint Memorandum of Agreement (MOA)(Khashu, 2009). The issue of illegal immigration is a major problem that plagues our nation. The negative impact that is felt is more financial than any other due to the fact that a large majority of illegal immigrants do not pay their fair share of taxes which leads to a burden on honest, domesticated taxpayers and municipal governments. Because of the lack of funding to local and state agencies, departments have been forced to evaluate and organize with a move toward the concept of being held accountable for more with less. The significance of illegal immigration to law enforcement is the impact of the unaccounted population on staff and budget planning. An example during the budget planning process may include the number of bilingual officers a department needs to recruit and retain. Regardless of the budget implications, there is a growing concern about criminal implications associated with this portion of our population. Because of this, the community policing policy being implemented throughou t the United States in law enforcement agencies details the importance of community support and assistance with crime control. Police preventative strategies have proven important in the development of community partnerships through trust and cooperation, community/police collaboration, and the relationships. Local and state law enforcement agencies sharing the responsibility of the enforcement of immigration laws through immigration enforcement duties and responsibilities elicit the effectiveness of crime control. Police leaders continue to receive pressure as the decision of enforcing federal immigration laws is weighed against local police responsibilities diverting from protection and service to arrest and deportation. Local police enforcing federal immigration laws compromise the vision, mission, and purpose of local law enforcement priorities (Khashu, 2009). As stated, the enforcement of immigration laws should remain the sole responsibility of the federal government. Both legal and illegal immigrants from countries such as Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala have found a home here illegally. These countries do not value the same things as the United States, nor do they guarantee the rights of their citizens. Specifically, some of the mentioned countries, and their citizens , have misogynistic backgrounds, meaning the women are afforded little to no rights, and violence committed against them and their children, is not uncommon (Schurman-Kaulfin, 2006). POSITION In the United States, rape is considered a serious crime punishable as a felony, in the criminal justice system. In some areas of Mexico, rape is not considered a crime. If a man intends to marry a female, he can kidnap and rape her, no matter the age. Ricardo Capates is a serial rapist from Honduras who was convicted in New Jersey. He is an illegal immigrant who has been convicted of more than 20 counts of kidnapping, rape and robbery. Fedil Rodriquez, also from Honduras, is thought to have brought his hatred for women to the United States by savagely stabbing a female to death. Misogyny does not stay in their home country; it often migrates with the immigrant. If these cases of deviant behavior are not enough, consider looking at issues closer to home such as criminal street gangs. Many illegal immigrants join violent criminal gangs. According to a New American article, These gangs are highly organized with tentacles spread through several countries. (para. 5, 2011) Gangs are responsible for all types of crime that include robbery, theft, narcotics, illegal weapons, and murder. Another concern that is presenting itself is how we are dealing with this criminal element once they are caught and processed. The Immigrant Criminal Enforcement (ICE) routinely frees dangerous criminals that they cannot deport because the United States Supreme Court will not allow ICE to imprison an illegal for more than six months simply for the reason that they cannot be deported. Also, many times, ICE cannot deport because the home country is not willing to take them. Between 2001 and 2004, ICE released 27,947 criminal immigrants with 75% of them originating fro m countries that are known to be active in producing criminal elements (Colorados jails full,2011). In 2010, 127,000 immigrants from Mexico were removed from the United States because of criminal activity (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2010). President Donald Trump released his plan to combat illegal immigration with a ten point schematic that starts with building a wall across the southern U.S. border to be paid for by Mexico. To control this border requires manpower, barriers, and technology. Fences are being used as well as unmanned aerial vehicles and high-altitude surveillance drones to fight the influx of illegal crossings by land, sea, and air. Another point is any illegal immigrant caught in the country for committing a crime will be held by way of preventive detention until that person is deported, even though the U.S. Supreme Court states otherwise. The creation of a deportation task force with the sole purpose of locating illegal immigrants who are committing crime or using governmental benefits illegally is another point in the Presidents plan. The use of the Federal Government to discipline cities, also known as sanctuary cities that create laws to protect undocumented aliens, will also be a point of contenti on. The cancellation of President Obamas Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals immigration policy, better known as DACA, is another point of action. Roughly half a million young people brought to the U.S. as children have received temporary legal status. President Trump would also cancel President Obamas DAPA program or Deferred Action for Parents of Americans, which would give similar status to undocumented parents of American citizens. President Trump will block immigration from countries where vetting is not possible such as Syria and Libya. The next point in the immigration policy is the opportunity to force countries to take back the immigrants that the U.S. does not want. The establishment of a biometric visa scanning system to identify immigrants through fingerprint or retinal scan, only when entering the country, is on the agenda. The President would like to strengthen the E-Verify system to disallow illegal immigrants from finding work in this country. The final point that Pres ident Trump would like to implement is the lowering of the legal immigrant cap to respectable norms. A small percentage of the U.S. total population would be allowed for legal, documented immigrants. There are significant costs imposed on the citizens of the United States by the imposition of illegal immigrants. These costs are prevalent on many governmental levels and range from education to welfare to medical care to criminal justice and beyond (Edwards, 2010). The Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) showed that illegal immigrants cost the taxpayers of the U.S. around $113 billion yearly. The federal governments share is approximately $29 billion, while state and local governments incur more than $84 billion per year with 56% of welfare usage directed toward immigrant families (Deport Californias illegal-alien convicts, 2011). Welfare is defined by programs such as Supplemental Security Income (SSI) for low income families, the elderly, and disabled; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Women, Infant and Children (WIC) food program; free or reduced lunches; food stamps, which are also known as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; Medicaid or h ealth insurance for low income persons; public housing; and rent subsidies (Camarota, 2011). The two main reasons for the high number of immigrants that use these programs are that education is very low for the illegal immigrant-headed households and because there is often just one worker in the household (Camarota, 2011). According to the Federation of American Immigration reform, immigrant criminal behavior costs the federal government approximately $7.8 billion annually between police, court, and prison expenses (Colorados jails full, 2011). Edwards (2010) states, some proponents for illegal immigrants assert that illegals do pay taxes. Not only the FAIR study, but any honest analysis shows that illegal aliens do not come close to paying their fair share of taxes (para. 8). Federal taxes paid by illegal aliens amount to about $9.6 billion annually (Edwards, 2010). The FAIR report further stated illegals contribute just $3.96 billion a year to state and local coffers. Thats eclipsed several times over by the $84 billion illegals collect through state and local public services. ( para.8) Camarota (2011) explained that having tax liability does not mean that the household would actually have to pay federal taxes. Federal and state taxes, through employment, are where funds come from in order to pay for welfare programs and federal and state run jails or prisons. The case of Brown v. Plata in 2011identified the Supreme Court ruling that the prisoners of a California prison were having their eighth amendment rights violated because the overcrowding was seen as cruel and unusual punishment. The court forced California to create room by releasing 46,000 of their 140,000 inmates back into society. It would seem simple to just send the prisoners back over the border; however, the federal government argued that immigration enforcement is not a state issue but a federal one; yet they expect the State of California to pay the bill. By definition, illegal immigrants are performing criminal activity just by being in the U.S. without being documented. Of those undocumented criminals, the immigrants that have been convicted of unrelated crimes at the state level not only have no right to be in this country but have abused the privilege of being here. In order to get jobs, benefits, or even a drivers license, one must possess some sort of identification. Those forms of identification include a birth certificate, social security card, drivers license, or passport. If a person is illegal and has no form of identification, it is difficult to acquire such documentation. However, there are people and organizations that sell these kinds of documents. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security released a fact sheet that stated from 2006 to 2010, the DHS Fraud Department generated 1,871 indictments, 2,251 criminal arrests, and 1,643 felony convictions for the manufacturing, sale, or use of counterfeit documents (Fact sheet, 2010). The Obama Administration attempted to expand an effort to check the 300,000 to 450,000 incarcerated illegal aliens in jails around the country. The Secure Communities program allows law enforcement officials to match fingerprints against federal immigration databases so those in the United States without authorization will face deportation when they complete their jail terms (Kingsbury, 2009). In 2016, only 3,000 had their immigration status checked. As with any controversial issue, there will be critics who complicate the matter and criticize the way a process works. In this circumstance, critics contend that the program will lead to racial profiling. A coalition of immigration rights groups wrote the House Speaker and explained that the program creates an incentive for police to arrest people on pre-textual or minor crimes so that their immigration status can be checked (Kingbury, 2009). The concern is making sure that people have access to counsel or are advised of their rights.(2 008, para 10) Strohm went on to say, sometimes people are pressured into signing away their rights by basically stipulating that they are removable from the United States. (para.10) COUNTER POSITION Proponents of law enforcement agencies abstaining from enforcing federal immigration laws believe economical advantages which stimulate the United States economy as important in the decision of not placing more stern restrictions on illegal immigrants. The American Immigration Council (2011c) reported that immigrants play a crucial role in the U.S. economy as workers, entrepreneurs, taxpayers and consumers. Immigrant workers add to the amount of workers in the United States which increases the size of the economy and increases the nations gross domestic product (GDP). Immigrants are at the top and the bottom of the educational scale which balances out due to Americans being in the center. This inequality depicts immigrants and U.S. workers complementing one another which spurs the economic growth (American Immigration Council, 2010). Immigration has the ability of pushing Americans toward better paying jobs, enhancing production, and creating jobs for the economy. Americans and immig rants have different levels of education which prevent them from competing in the same job markets. For example, a study conducted by the Fiscal Policy Institute examined the top 25 metropolitan areas in the U.S., and determined that the economic growth of metropolitan areas and growth in the immigrant proportion of the workforce were closely linked together. Although economists estimate that the overall benefit of immigration is small, there is a positive impact in the nations economy (American Immigration Council, 2012). The National Academy of Sciences concluded that immigration helps replenish the U.S. talent pool as baby boomers retire from the science and engineering labor force. Immigrants also contribute to U.S. innovation and growth. For example, the Partnership for a New American Economy found that more than 40% of the 2010 Fortune 500 companies were established by immigrants or their children. Kraft Foods, Nordstrom, RadioShack, Cigna and General Dynamics are included references having immigrant founders. These companies have combined revenues of $4.2 trillion dollars and employ more than 10 million individuals across the world (American Immigration Council, 2011b). According to the American Immigration Council (2012), illegal immigrants contribute to the U.S. economy, and the country would lose $551.6 billion dollars in economic activity if all illegal immigrants were removed from the United States. This amount would equate to a loss of $245 billion in gross domestic product and an estimate d 2.8 million jobs. President Donald Trumps immigration plan implies statements that abstain from certain facts. President Trump says he wants to end birthright citizenship, indicating that it remains the biggest magnet for illegal immigration. Birthright citizenship refers to the fact that a child born on U.S. soil is a U.S. citizen, even though both of the parents are illegal. Because the parents arent citizens, they cant be issued a green card by their child until they are 21. Indications are that jobs and housing opportunities are the biggest reason for those coming to the U.S. illegally. Immigrants didnt state that birthright was the reason for coming to the U.S. instead; a majority claimed jobs brought them to the United States and the remaining correspondents cited family reasons. President Trumps plan states the cost on the U.S. for illegal immigration from Mexico is extraordinary. Taxpayers pick up billions of dollars in healthcare, housing, education, and welfare costs. However, studies have d etermined a small impact of illegal immigration on state and local budgets, and a positive impact on the federal budget. The Trump immigration plan claims that there are three million immigrants imprisoned due to arrests. Actually the number is 1.7 million and includes non convictions. About a third of those offenses were immigration offenses (529,859) and traffic violations (404,788). President Trump said that unless Mexico pays for the wall across the southern border, he would increase fees on border crossing cards issued to Mexicans. Border crossing cards are valid for ten years after issuance, except for children under 15.These are the same as a visitors visa and are issued to those with Mexican citizenship and residency, a Mexican passport, and ties to Mexico that would make them want to return to Mexico. CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION As anyone can see, illegal immigration is a very controversial issue. There are advantages and disadvantages to both sides of the debate. There is a definite harm that comes from illegal immigrants, namely crimes that are committed against persons/properties by these immigrants. The crime rate is high enough in the United States without allowing the borders to be unsecured to illegal immigrants who cross them to commit heinous crimes. All crime cannot be blamed on immigrants, but they are a part of the problem. American jails are already overcrowded, and they are being asked to house more prisoners because of the influx of illegal immigrants. The United States spends billions of dollars every year dealing with this issue and the economy is already very unstable. There is also a humanitarian side of the issue. Some illegal immigrants have worked hard for little pay for many years and have committed only the crime of trying to feed their family. Nevertheless, they have still committed a crime by not getting the necessary paperwork or by being in possession of fraudulent documents to obtain work or services, while here illegally. With the weakening of American families through high divorce rates and one parent families, further deterioration of the family unit is not needed. Losing a breadwinner or a caregiver from a family is devastating, more so when living below the poverty level and have very little outside support to begin with. Local and state law enforcement agencies should refrain from the enforcement of federal immigration laws. Immigration enforcement should remain the sole responsibility of the federal government in an effort to prevent further complications of the overflowing duties surrounding the mission of crime reduction (Hoffmaster, Murphy, McFadden Griswold, 2010). Overall, law enforcement executives have chosen to take a careful and balanced approach in responding to pressures of immigration enforcement on a local and state level showing the significance in maintaining community support (Hoffmaster, Murphy, McFadden Griswold, 2010). Khashu (2009) denoted the primary issue regarding immigration enforcement is Congress failing to develop comprehensive immigration reform legislation which would have provided a national solution to the issue. The State of Arizona passed SB 1070 in 2010 that addressed immigration enforcement on the local level and expanded the authority of local law enforcement regarding federal immigration laws. The constitutionality of this legislation was challenged in federal court and sparked debates regarding the issue on all levels (Hoffmaster, Murphy, McFadden Griswold, 2010). Essentially, this unresolved issue has prompted local and state law enforcement agencies to intensify the enforcement of immigration laws, prohibit undocumented immigrant access to government benefits and services, violate the civil right of documented and undocumented immigrants, as well as penalize employers found hiring undocumented immigrants (Khashu, 2009). International and national public safety issues are complex and are apparently forced to be the primary focus of local and state law enforcement agencies. Immigration enforcement on those levels has shifted their primary focus from protecting and serving the public to apprehending and deporting undocumented immigrants within the communities they serve. A shift in focus of this can define the relationship between the police and the public. Many of these relationships took years to establish and will take extreme effort to maintain by continuing to build trust and obtain the confidence of the public. Undocumented immigrants reside in communities across the U.S. and assist the local and state police in resolving crime problems through collaboration, support, and cooperation on behalf of community members. Khashu (2009) explained how police executives continue to urge the federal government to enact comprehensive immigration reform in an effort to thwart relentless consequences on cities and towns throughout the U.S. who have difficulty addressing immigration concerns effectively. Police executives are working to develop policies and solutions that are most advantageous for their respective jurisdictions. Ultimately, the duty of public safety organizations is to provide protection to all residents in their communities regardless of their status as an undocumented or documented immigrant. Although federal reform immigration statutes remain absent, police leaders are working to establish and implement practical policies that are fair and capable of maintaining the trust of all segments of the community (Hoffmaster, Murphy, Mcfadden Griswold, 2010). Recently President Trump mentioned the installation of 150,000 National Guardsmen throughout the country with the sole purpose of the locating and deporting undocumented immigrants that are wanted by local and state agencies. This is a positive action as long as it remains the action of the federal government and not another responsibility of local and state agencies. There is already enough on their plates. REFERENCES American Immigration Council (2010). Strength in diversity: The economic and political clout of immigrants, Latinos, and Asians.Immigration Policy Center. Retrieved from http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/print/just-facts/strength-diversity-economic-and-political-power-immigrants-latinos-and-asians American Immigration Council (2011a). Fiscally irresponsible: Immigration enforcement without reform wastes taxpayer dollars. Retrieved from http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/print/just-facts/fiscally-irresponsible-immigration-enforcement-without-reform-wastes-taxpayer-dollars American Immigration Council (2011b). Rebooting the American dream: The role of immigration in a 21st century economy. Immigration Policy Center. American Immigration Council (2011c). Unauthorized immigrants pay taxes, too.Immigration Policy Center. http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/print/just-facts/unauthorized-immigrants-pay-taxes-too American Immigration Council (2012). Value added: Immigrants create jobs and businesses, boost wages of native-born workers. Immigration Policy Center. Retrieved from http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/print/just-facts/value-added-immigrants-create-jobs-and-businesses-boost-wages-native-born-workers. Booth, D. (2006). Federalism on ICE: State and local enforcement of federal Immigration law. Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 29  (3), 1063-1083. Camarota, S. A.(2011, April). Welfare use by immigrant households with children. Retrieved from http://cis.org/immigrant-welfare-use-2011 Colorados jails full of illegal aliens.(2011, July 4).New American,27(13), 7.   Deport Californias illegal-alien convicts. (2011, May 24).The Washington Times. Retrieved from http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/may/24/deport-californias-illegal-alien-convicts/ Edwards, J.R. (2010, September 6). Enforcing immigration laws would save taxpayers millions. Human Events,66 (31), 1-9. Fact sheet: Document and benefit fraud task forces.(2010, February24). Retrieved April 15, 2012, from http://www.ice.gov/news/library/factsheets/doc-bene-fraud.htm Hoffmaster, D., Murphy, G., McFadden, S., Griswold, M. (2010).  Police and immigration: How chiefs are leading their communities through the challenges. Washington, DC:Police Executive Research Foundation. Khashu, A. (2009).The role of local police: Striking a balance between immigration enforcement and civil liberties. Washington, DC: The Police Foundation. Kingsbury, A. (2009, May 22). Illegal immigrant criminal crackdown. U.S. News, 1(18),8.Pew Hispanic Center (2011) Schurman-Kauflin, D. (2006). Importing violence: The danger of immigration from violent cultures [Essay]. Atlanta, GA:  Violent Crimes Institute, LCC. Strohm, C. (2008, October 27). DHS launches program to find illegal immigrants in jails. CongressDaily, 11. Tonucci, C. (2011, Spring). Legalizing the immigration posse. National Lawyers Guild Review, 68(1), 1-31. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2011).Yearbook of immigration statistics: 2010.Retrieved from  http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2010/ois_yb_2010.pdf

Rhythmic Foundations, and the Necessary Aesthetic in Peirce’s Categories :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Rhythmic Foundations, and the Necessary Aesthetic in Peirce’s Categories ABSTRACT: There has been a tendency in scholarship to steer quite clear of discussions of Peirce and Aesthetics, and I believe that the main reason that Peirce’s works lacks, perhaps even intentionally, a clear aesthetic theory is because his entire architectonic of experience is aesthetically founded. This thesis is based, in part, on the necessary aesthetic descriptions one is forced to use when describing something such as the categories. For example, Secondness necessarily elicits aesthetic descriptions of relations and tensions, Thirdness is described most accurately with words such as harmony and arrangement, and the process by which we come to attain a belief is an "aesthetic" endeavor aimed at satisfaction. Focusing particularly on the categories, and secondarily on the method for attaining belief, I hope to show that Peirce’s foundation is, itself, an aesthetic awareness of life. There has been a tendency to steer quite clear of discussions of Peirce and Aesthetics. Over and over, statements by Peircean scholars attest to the lack of philosophical guidance regarding the status and judgment of art that is available in his writings.(1) Peirce himself states that, "My notion would be that there are innumerable varieties of esthetic quality, but no purely esthetic grade of excellence."(2) Doug Anderson also states that a Peircean aesthetic is hard to piece together because it was a "very late addition to Peirce’s classification of the sciences." That is, even though aesthetics is presupposed by ethics, logic, and metaphysics, in Peirce’s prioritization of the sciences, his intention was that aesthetics was to be understood through the work he had already done in the other branches of his system.(3) This vagueness hasn’t, however, prevented scholars from speculating on the aesthetic in Peirce’s works. Yet even so, we are still faced with many problems. First is the "paleontological reconstruction", as Herman Parret states, of the various minuscule references by Peirce regarding the aesthetic. Second, it is claimed that if any approach to a Peircean aesthetic is going to be worthwhile, it will probably be too large to handle because it must incorporate his views on logic, metaphysics and theology.(4) Third, as pointed out by Beverly Kent, Peirce seems to conflate two senses of the aesthetic, where it is both a quality that is immediately present and an ultimate ideal.(5) I will argue that the main reason that Peirce’s works lacks, perhaps even intentionally, a clear aesthetic theory is because his depiction of experience is aesthetically founded.

The Role of Women in Antigone :: Literary Analysis, Sophocles

One of the conflicts in Antigone, is the struggle between men and women. Ismene tells Antigone that since birth, women â€Å"were not born to contend with men,† (75) displaying women’s obedience and passivity. In the same passage, Ismene says: â€Å"we’re underlings, ruled by stronger hands,† (76) a representation of men’s aggressive and â€Å"stronger hands† that dominate women and treats them as second-class citizens. The only woman in Thebes who desires to break free from these chains is Antigone, who stands up against Ismene’s passivity urging her to â€Å"submit to this,† (77) and defy Creon by burying Polynices. By breaking Creon’s edict, Antigone challenges the traditional gender roles women and men play. In what ways does the theme of gender in Antigone, demonstrate the passion and choices behind Antigone and Ismene’s decisions? Ismene believes that women are â€Å"underlings† (76) and not â€Å"contend[ing] with men† (76) because she knows that men will always control society. This viewpoint of men’s domination of women depicts Ismene to be submissive to males while being fearful of men’s authority. Ismene is unable to have control over her destiny and decisions because she is fearful of men’s power over women, which leads to her refusing to bury Polynices. Later in the play, Ismene questions Creon’s judgment by saying â€Å"you’d kill your own son’s bride?† (641) which indicates that she is now aware that woman should have a voice and power in society. Her new understanding of Antigone’s message gives her the strength to query Creon, while additionally highlighting his cruelty. Ismene’s original belief of â€Å"submit[ing] to this† (77) and being a proper Greek girl, eventually transforms into becoming an advocate for An tigone. Her transformation defies men’s authority, the opposite of what she used to believe in. Antigone believes that a woman should be intrepid and strong, even at the risk of challenging men’s authority. When she proposes to bury Polynices, Ismene answers, â€Å"we’re not born to contend with men†. (75) Antigone’s response, â€Å"that death will be a glory† (86), does not directly address gender issues, but it expresses her fury at Ismene’s passivity. After the burial of Polynices, Antigone defiantly states, â€Å"I did it. I don’t deny a thing,† while being interrogated by Creon (492) and later comments that she was â€Å"not ashamed for a moment, not to honor my brother†. (572-3) Antigone’s gallant speech and defiance toward traditional gender identities audaciously shows her revolutionary desire for gender equality.

Dukes v. Wal-Mart Essay -- Sexism Gender Walmart Discrimination Essays

Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is a legal battle concerning whether or not the company engaged willfully in gender-based discrimination. Underlying causes, organizational culture and ethical issues will be examined in determining how the largest private employer in the United States could have fallen prey to unfair labor practices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In 1999, women constituted 72% of Wal-Mart’s hourly employees, but only 33% of its managerial employees† (Bhatnagar, 2004). This fact and many others are the reasons many people allege that Wal-Mart has unfair labor practices. The Dukes v. Wal-Mart case challenged the hiring, promotion and pay practices of Wal-Mart. The case was filed in June 2001. When the case reached class certification status it became the largest class action civil rights suit against employment discrimination in American history. The case represented approximately 1.6 million women that had worked for Wal-Mart from 1998 to 2001 who felt that they had been discriminated against because of their gender.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many women involved in the Dukes case alleged that Wal-Mart’s policies vary from gender to gender. The managerial staff is comprised mostly of men. The relocation policy in place has a distinct impact on female employees. To become a manager, one must relocate multiple times at each management level. Female employees claimed that this could potentially have a disparate impact on single and married mothers, therefore the policy is not fair to all; favoring the chances of a male getting a promotion over a female.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the Berkeley Women’s Law Journal (2004), Wal-Mart pays its employees about one-third less than what similarly unionized employees earn. Wal-Mart’s slogan is â€Å"Everyday low prices,† and they accomplish this by keeping wages low and by suppressing any efforts made by unions to unionize Wal-Mart. In addition to paying low wages, some Wal-Mart stores allegedly violate the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act. The Federal Fair Labor Standards Act regulates overtime pay and child labor standards. Many employees have claimed that Wal-Mart makes them work more than 40 hours per week without overtime pay. When management realized how much overtime pay they were logging, they would call in managers to adjust the time sheets. An internal audit exposed the violations of the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many o... ...   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The company should employ the stakeholder theory as opposed to the agency theory. Each member associated with Wal-Mart will be treated fairly and honestly. In incorporating the deontology perspective as opposed to the Utilitarian viewpoint, the company will show its desire to right previous wrongs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wal-Mart has to implement a number of changes to correct the problems it has created. Attention must be paid to ensure the employee is treated fairly. Other ways must be sought to maintain profit levels and make the stockholders happy. References Bhatnagar, Ritu. (2005). Dukes v. Wal-Mart as a Catalyst for Social Activism. Retrieved July 12, 2005, from the University of Phoenix Library EBSCOhost database Dukes v. Wal-Mart, Inc. (2004). Class Certification Status Decision, United States District Court, Northern California. Retrieved July 15, 2005 from http://www.walmartclass.com/public-home.html. Featherstone, Liza. (2004). Rollback Wages! Retrieved July 12, 2005, from the University of Phoenix Library EBSCOhost database. Sellers, Jeff M. (2005). Deliver us from Wal-Mart? Retrieved July 12, 2005, from the University of Phoenix Library EBSCOhost database.

Psychology and the Importance in Churches Essay

I believe psychology is important in churches today because when I look at the attitude and conduct of church members, it exhibits the function of one’s mind, social behavior and development. Specifically when dealing with the mechanics of reception. Religions and churches face different possible reactions from its members or visitors which are directly correlated to the human behavior of the mind. It is easy to see how the Muslims by their social behavior are so fanatical and often times all-consuming in their faith. Muslims are more inclined to say that their religion is an important part of their daily lives. It is said that nine out of ten Muslims said their faith was more important in their lives, while the figure was 85% for Hindus and 66% for Christians. We see that there are various levels of reaction; other religions could fall into the category of having strong and mild attachment, proving that the human mind is a key ingredient into how people react and consume religion. This not only plays a role in people with religious beliefs, it’s also displayed in non-believers of faith such as agnostics and atheist. This is so because religion will not have an impact on some individuals; they will be indifferent, having no particular interest or sympathy. While others may be observant, willing to learn but some will still be unmoved to come to faith or beliefs. These are just a few arguments as to why I feel psychology plays a pertinent role, because people that help make up all religions will have different reactions from their minds, thus leading to various behaviors and level of belief. Along with actions and reaction, the mind will also contemplate upon past experiences, this enables one to either come to faith or not at all, based on what someone had said or done to them. This is known as locking or unlocking the mind. In conclusion, Behaviors and reactions are a state of one’s mind based upon life experiences. Psychology and the human mind play an intricate role in the growth or stunt of a Religion or a Church.

Disparities

Possibly: IN per capita with Life expectancy: IN per capita will allow citizens to afford deiced and health services, meaning they could treat deadly sicknesses such as cancer or expensive treatments Life expectancy global patterns: Low life expectancy. Most of Africa, especially Southern, Central, Eastern and Western (Sub-Sahara Africa) including very low countries such as . Anomaly of Afghanistan in Africa, and Laos. Middle life expectancy: Anomalies in Africa, including Equatorial Guiana and Reiterate and Madagascar.Middle nations Include Central South America, countries such as Peru and Brazil and even Bola, although low compared to the mentioned previously. North Africa, countries such as Egypt and Morocco and Eastern Asia (China) plus South East Asia including Indonesia and the Philippines. High: North America and Western Europe, Japan and Australia/New Zealand. Anomalies include: Bolivia/Guyana, Greenland, Madagascar/Equatorial Guiana, Haiti, Afghanistan. Bolivia => Natural ca uses, high altitude in the whole countries makes the population live under constant stress and pressure, exhausting faster organs.Low literacy rates: Concentrates mostly in Central and Western Africa and South Central Asia, including Nations such as India and Pakistan. Nations with lowest literacy include Chad, Nigeria and Mali. Middle literacy rates: South America, including Peru. South Asia including China, and the Middle East including Saudi Arabia and Oman. Anomalies in Africa, including Egypt and Madagascar and most of Southern Africa. High literacy rates: North America and most of Europe (old soviet USSR included), with slight high rates in South America including Argentina surprisingly and Guyana.Southern Africa surprisingly, with anomalies including Zanzibar. Australia and New Zealand ANOMALIES: Portugal, Bosnia and Serbia. Yemen. Peru. Papua New Guiana. Guatemala. Haiti. Zanzibar. Cambodia. Low IN per capita: Mostly concentrated in Central, Eastern and Western Africa includ ing nations such as the Deem. Republic of Congo, Nigeria and Niger. Indonesia and Papua New Guiana stand out in South East Asia and South Central Africa, Southern Africa including South America. The Balkan and most of Asia. High IN: North America, Europe. Undernourishment global patterns:Low undernourishment: Distributed in relation to Medics, mostly found in North America and Western Europe plus Russia. Northern Africa regions including Libya and Egypt, southern South America e. G. Argentina and Uruguay and Australia/New Zealand. Middle undernourishment: Distributed along the equator (tropical areas) with nations in central South America such as Peru and Brazil, North America including Mexico and Eastern Africa including Nigeria. Indonesia and Eastern Asia nations including China and Vietnam as well count with 5-19% of undernourished.High undernourishment: Southern African Nations including the Congo and Central African Republic, Anomaly of Bolivia in South America and most of Cent ral America and the Caribbean including Panama and Honduras. Other nations in South Asia including India and Pakistan, plus Manner and Mongolia. Anomalies: Bolivia in South America, Libya in Africa, North Korea, the Balkans in Europe. HIVE/AIDS 1. Explain which of the maps is the most useful 2. Using the map on the right describe the distribution of people living with HIVE Explaining the development gap:

Meaning of Life and Yoga Essay

Celebrity Yoga: Is this just a fad? Yoga has become a very popular exercise among people all across the world. Celebrities are also adopting this practice in order to strengthen their bodies. Celebrities and yoga has been a winning combination for quite some time in America, and more and more people are beginning to at least try yoga because their favorite celebrities are trying it. Celebrities that do yoga are making the practice more popular. Yoga industry in the United States has grown considerably since many celebrities have admitted to practicing yoga on a regular basis. Here are some things you will want to know about celebrities and yoga that may help you to decide whether or not you want to try yoga for yourself. What do celebrities have to say about yoga? Celebrities like Meg Ryan, Jennifer Anniston, Ricky Martin, and Madonna have all admitted to using yoga as a means to calm the spirit, tone the muscles of the body, and increase physical strength. Many people also say that yoga gives a personal sense of accomplishment, and that it is easier to handle rigorous demands of the day by practicing yoga Yoga is also designed to help people learn about the meaning of life. Yoga allows you to train your mind to think about positive things, and you are also able to think about how to solve problems and even get along well with others. You are also taught about how certain yoga principles should transfer into your daily life, such as learning how to do everything in the right time, or being patient with others. It is also believed the yoga will give you a higher tolerance for pain. One of the most important factors which cause the heart disease is depression. Tachycardia and other disturbances are caused due to this depression. Rhythm of the heart is altered due to tachycardia and other disturbances. Long-lasting or repetitive state of depression will make a considerable damage to the heart and enhances the chance of getting heart attacks. Yoga is an effectual solution against all sorts of stress since it can enhance the level of GABA (gamma amino butyric acid), a neurotransmitter in our brain which is correlated to depression when it is in supplied lesser in the brain. After one session of yoga the level of GABA gets increased.

Comparing & Contrasting: Cambodians & Filipinos Essay

Within the Asian country lie many cultures, beliefs, religions and much more. For example, the Cambodians and the Filipinos. Cambodia is located in southeastern Asia, bordering the gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. The Philippines is located in Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea, east of Vietnam. Both countries have many differences and similarities. In the Cambodian culture there are many beliefs. A lot of Cambodians believe in superstition, an irrational belief arising from ignorance or fear. One of the major superstitions of the Cambodian culture is Spirits of our ancestors. Folk tales explain and describe how and why a spirit cant hurt you but they can discipline you, for example the flying head. The flying head only disciplines people when they are afraid and alone in the woods. Also when two people split a pole means that they would go their different ways and split their friendship. In the Filipino culture there are also many beliefs. Superstition and ghosts are also a main belief in the Philippines. One of the known folktale ghost story is called the Aswang. The name translates to â€Å"To be detached from one part of the body. This creature flies around at night sucking blood and attacking animals and people. It is said that during the horizon, the Aswang takes on the appearance of a dog, whose front legs are longer than the back legs. Most of the Cambodians believe in the religion Buddhism. They would take daily walks to the temple to light incenses, bring food for their deceased family member or monks. May 15th is a major holiday in the Cambodian culture, the day when their holy god they worship in the name of Buddha was born, the day he was enlightened, and the day he died. The way Cambodians greet a Buddha or monk is that they would put their palms together and bow for their respect. Cambodian New Year is also a major Cambodian holiday. Its a celebration or more like a festival with food stands to clothing. Most of the Filipinos take their belief for their religion to the extreme.  The main religion in the Philippines is Catholic, Christian or other forms of religion. People would hang themselves on a cross just like Jesus did just because they believe in their religion strongly. They would usually attend church on Sundays, they would sing, and listen to the pastor read from the bible. The two countries also do have some similarities. One example for a similarity is that both cultures sometimes eat with their hands. Another example is that they both have similar superstition beliefs and folktales, just different stories. When you arrive at either a Filipino or Cambodian house you would have to take off your shoes. Finally both cultures take respect seriously, you have to bow to your elders and bless them or they bless you. Within the Asian country lie many cultures, beliefs, religions and much more. Cambodians are very superstitious and believe in mostly Buddhism. Filipinos are also very superstitious but have different folktales and most Filipinos are Christian, Catholic, or some other type of religion. Both countries also have a lot of similarities in their cultures; they both respect their elders and take respect seriously. Works Cited Sampson, Andrew. Online interview. 15 Feb. 2008.

Managing external environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing external environment - Essay Example the survival of a business requires strategies like; assets’ diversification, total cash reserves’ revving up, products’ quality, part-time workers’ employment, and application of cheaper materials as well as employer options. (Sahoo, 2009) In the process of building a business there is the point of a business’s break even and this is the point at which the costs of the company equal the sales revenue of the same business. At this point it is vital to note that the business has neither made gains nor losses. (Pinson, 2008 p98) Breakeven involves a technique of pricing applied to ensure the minimum volume of sales that a given commodity has to generate at the set level of price so as to ensure coverage of all cost outlays. This calls for strategies like, firstly, penetration pricing which refers to setting a low price as the main weapon of marketing especially for new commodities. Secondly, there is the skimming pricing which is the setting of a bit higher prices for a commodity in comparison to the competing ones. This aids in making marketers set price levels that differentiate a company’s products from the rivals’. There is also the strategy of discount or low pricing that maintains products at low prices thus attracting many customers. (raritanval.edu, 2009) Subsequent to breakeven, a company crosses over to the zone of profits. For instance, according to Tracy, taking that a company’s breakeven point is at the level of sales revenue at USD 10 million, anything beyond that like a sales revenue of USD 12 million is in the zone of profits. After breakeven point all the margin becomes dedicated to profits. For example; if margin is 25%, profits at sales revenue of USD 12 million is $500,000. (Tracy, 2008 p84) At the profit maximisation stage, a business sets output and price level that ensures that it earns the biggest profit. If a firm successfully ensures survival through; demand of its commodity, production as well as inputs’ supply, it

Rape of women as a weapon of war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rape of women as a weapon of war - Essay Example It has been misinterpreted as a sex act, but for the victim, it is far from being erotic, sensual or pleasurable. It entails more of aggression and fear in the guise of passion. (Rosen para. 8 http://www.counterpunch.org/rosen04042008.html) Rape has been widespread among warring forces throughout Africa, Southern Europe, and parts of Asia. These include conflicts in Darfur, Somalia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Peru, Uganda, C d parts of Asiaovina, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Cambodia, ngo, rnment troops wal troops. During the day, they carry heavy materisyprus, East Timor, Haiti, Liberia, Peru and Uganda. (Rosen para. 7 http://www.counterpunch.org/rosen04042008.html) Why is rape being used as a weapon? A probable and major reason for this perhaps is because the rapists are trying to undermine or obliterate enemy communities through sexual violence. It is also surmised that rape is a form of genocide. In Bosnia, the Serbian camps are attempting to make it a Serbian state by impregnating Muslim mothers with Serb babies. More than 40,000 Muslim women are estimated to have been raped, and those who were impregnated were forced to bear the child. (Clifford and Ntiricya pg. 1 http://allafrica.com/stories/200712230021.html; Robson para. 9 http://www.newint.org/issue244/rape.htm; Rosen, para. 30 http://www.counterpunch.org/rosen04042008.html) Although the issue has only been brought up recently, the raping of women has been around since the ancient times. In the Old Testament, there are accounts of women being raped and kidnapped by conquering tribes, and they are usually forced to marry their captors to survive. Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman pioneered total war in 1846. He believed that conflict should not only involve recognized combatants but the enemy’s entire society as well, from its natural resources to other aspects of their civilian life. (Rosen, para. 4,

Case Study Assignment Company Analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Assignment Company Analysis - Case Study Example They use all the information available or that can be reasonably obtained - consisting of known information and beliefs about the future (inferred information). Being the determinant of stock prices, information is the central issue of the efficient market concept. An efficient market is defined as one in which the prices of securities fully reflect all known information quickly and accurately (Jones 1991). The current price of a stock incorporates or fully reflect all information that investors assimilate in the process of making their buy and sell decisions. According to this concept, it is assumed that all known information -- including past information (such as last years or quarters earnings), current information, and events that have been announced but not yet implemented, such as a stock split -- are fully reflected in the price. Other information that can be reasonably inferred such as a change in interest rates will also be reflected in the prices even before the event occur s. By "quickly and accurately" is meant the speed at which information is received by its users, instantaneously in most cases, particularly with current electronic communications availability enabling brokerage houses, institutional investors and others to obtain any information and process it for quick decisions. For individuals without such easy access, information can reach them a few hours or a day later. It is not quite easy to determine what accuracy in price adjustment means, but the theory simply assumes that an unbiased estimate of the equilibrium price is established after all investors have fully assessed the input of the information (Jones 1991). New information about a companys profitability can affect the price of its stock such that it has a positive excess return, described as that portion in the price not accounted for by the overall market movement. On an average day, the difference between the price and the overall market, the

Cooked Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cooked - Essay Example For ten years, he learned cooking skills and he found that he could become productive in front of the stove. Certainly, there are downsides with being an inmate but the episode brought him focus and a goal, certainly a turning point in his life. After prison, life was difficult. Henderson had difficulty in getting a job. His dream was to become an executive chef and his lack of formal training and criminal record made it excruciatingly difficult to achieve his objective. He began his career as a dishwasher in Los Angeles. He had to exert extra effort and more hard work not just to prove his capability as a cook but also to prove that he is trustworthy. Even with achieving some semblance of success in Los Angeles, where he eventually became a sous chef, he encountered the same difficulty when he moved to Las Vegas. Everyone was impressed about his credentials but turned him down because he was a convicted felon. During this period, he was jobless for a longtime, which must be very frustrating especially when he has a family to support. For instance, he recalled a particularly heartbreaking experience: "At the Paris Hotel, they were introducing me to my staff before I told them about my criminal record. Then they told me to t ake a walk." It is really unfortunate what a criminal record can do to a persons prospect in life. A lesser man with no strength in character would probably took the easy way and go back to being a felon. Fortunately, Henderson is not such a

Multinational Strategy adopted by Coca Cola Essay

Multinational Strategy adopted by Coca Cola - Essay Example When companies become multinationals they tend to experience high degree of strategic tension. The MNCs drive for economic growth as well as success tends to pull the companies towards exploitation of the global economies of scale and scope through various operations that gets integrated on the global basis. In addition, the need of acceptance of the companies in its local country tends to make them more responsive towards national differences and policies (Root & Visudtibhan, 1992, p. 42). The multinational enterprise also known as MNEs owns as well as control the income generating assets globally and at least one fifth of the global output. In UK, one third of the company’s profit is derived from overseas operations. MNEs usually comprises of a relatively small number of large enterprises. The growth of the multinational enterprises is seen as a genuine activity of multinationals which included countries like United Kingdom, Japan, Switzerland, Germany, France and Netherland s (Sutton, 1980, p. 86). It is the pressure of globalization which has led companies to manufacture, design and market its products on a global basis. Pressure with respect to globalization generally arrives from company’s domestic and also foreign competitors who tend to challenges the company in each and every segment of the market where it operates. When the pressure is high, companies need to build facilities in the international countries and thus create an international network in those countries (Miltenburg, 2005, p.165). The company chosen for analyzing the multinational strategy is the Coca Cola Company. The company has been widely recognized as being one of the biggest multinational companies. The mission statement of Coca Cola states that the company strives to refresh the globe, inspire the moments of happiness and optimism and hence create value with an intention to make a difference (The Coca Cola Company, 2012). Analysis of multinational strategy Multinational strategies are mainly used when there exists a high pressure due to local responsiveness and globalization. Companies establish factories in those countries where the demand for its product are relatively high as compared to other countries. Mainly joint ventures and acquisitions are used to gain entry to the foreign country. Therefore when pressure due to globalization is high companies follows a special form of multinational strategy known as the transnational strategy (Miltenburg, 2005, p.166). Significant drivers and financial factors The significant drives for multinational strategy of companies can be categorised into various drives which leads to globalisation. Drivers are the factors, which has the ability to give rise to the required needs in the process of global strategy and they are divided into four main groups (Jane, et.al, 2005, p. 283). The drivers include, market drivers, cost drivers, competition drivers and government drivers. The market drivers for coke, which be longs to the soft drinks industry, would be medium in case of global strategy as Coke tends to have global customers and the customers need are also high for its products. Government globalisation drivers can be regarded as high in case of Coca Cola, because it is related with the political conditions of the operating countries. If the government policies and the company policies do not match, it would prove to be a big problem for the firm to operate internationally. Cost drivers for Coke would be low due to the

Alison Nieves Will Analyses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Alison Nieves Will Analyses - Essay Example The essay "Alison Nieve’s Will Analyses" presents the analyses of Alison Nieve’s Will. The first clause in Alison Nieve’s Will is a standard provision pursuant to Section 20 of the Wills Act 1837 as amended. Section 20 provides for the revocation of an existing will by the execution of another Will. The second clause of the Will provides for the appointment of Simon Landsford and Asif Khan as co-trustees and co-executors of the Neive’s Will and with those appointments, there are responsibilities and obligations which as explained in greater detail below.The gift to Sarah of 50,000 pounds doesn't impose upon Simon Landsford and Asif Khan the role of trustees. The power to transfer the sum of 50,000 pounds is founded on their respective capacities as executors of Nieve’s Will. It is clear that Neive does not intend that Sarah take the funds as an absolute gift. Neive’s sole intention was the creation of a purpose trust with Sarah acting as trus tee. In order for a trust to be fully constituted and capable of enforcement it must contain three certainties. Three certainties are certainty of intention, objects and subject matters. The trust property is commonly referred to as the subject, intention refers to the words and conduct that is capable of identifying the donor’s intention to create a trust and the objects refer to the intended beneficiaries. The difficulty with this trust is that Samuel, the object of the trust is not a human beneficiary.

Hayek's Idea of Information Use and Its Use in 21st Century Essay

Hayek's Idea of Information Use and Its Use in 21st Century - Essay Example The essay "Hayek's Idea of Information Use and Its Use in 21st Century" talks about the Friedrich Hayek's views on information usage in the marketing area expressed in his article "The Use of Knowledge in Society". According to Hayek, the more decentralized the economy is, the more variable the information is (spread throughout the society). In his own words, â€Å"The marvel is that in a case like that of a scarcity of one raw material, without an order being issued, without more than perhaps a handful of people knowing the cause, tens of thousands of people whose identity could not be ascertained by months of investigation, are made to use the material or its products more sparingly; i.e., they move in the right direction†. Hayek has pointed out the danger of tyranny that lies in a centrally planned economy resulting from the control of economic decision-making by the government. The functioning of any market depends largely on the nature of the information that the economic agents interacting in that economy possess. According to Hayek, there are mainly two types of information that are available to an economic agent. In this article, Hayek also marked a difference between two categories of information or awareness. One is scientific or technical information and the other is the information about individual’s capacities on the other. This paper tries to relate these ideas to the 21st-century growth in information about individuals and their wants, needs, capacities and the making of new markets such as eBay.... The functioning of any market depends largely on the nature of the information that the economic agents interacting in that economy possess. According to Hayek, there are mainly two types of information that are available to an economic agent (Hayek, 1945). On the one hand there is the scientific information and the technical information. This is basically the theoretical information regarding any activity, related to production or distribution the goods and services or related to the allocation of scares resources. And the other is related to the information that an individual possess regarding his capacities on the other individual(s). The first type of information is basically of theoretical type. In this information an individual acquires information necessary to the make economic decisions, such as production, distribution etc. The other type of information relates to the practical exposure of all the theoretical information those are available to the individuals. These are basi cally the useful and realistic information (Hayek, 1945, p. 3). Types of information: According to Hayek, all the theoretical information is related to the specific section of the society that are related to the generation and the development of those theories. These individuals are responsible for the invention and the study of those theories. Again in other sense of the explanation of this information this kind of information is not the aggregate of all available information. Rather this is the information of specific circumstances of specific time and place. In this respect it is said that every individual in any economy possess some unique information which give him some kind of advantage

Brief discussion of Western Civilization Essay Example for Free

Brief discussion of Western Civilization Essay A civilization is usually marked by a growth that can change the ways of the people in a specific time frame and the period after that. The said growth is perfectly exemplified in the western civilization. The Western culture is greatly affected by the highlights of the history. It is influenced by some ideas from the East. The Mesopotamians and Egyptians took part in the encounter of the Greeks and the Persian Empire. Hebrews formed the belief in a single god which is known as the Hebrew monotheism. Still, during the Classical Age of Greece, the Greeks nurtured the social, political and religions aspects of the West. Philosophers like Plato, Socrates, Aristotle and Herodotus were among the few who formed the cornerstones of Greek literacy. Athens followed a democratic civilization while the state of Sparta was a disciplined one. The period was predated by the Hellenistic period in which Greeks and Macedonians built kingdoms after conquering the Persian Empire. During this era, women played roles in politics. The rise of science, culture and arts came into existence. By 8th Century B. C, Rome was brought about by Latin-speaking people. Octavian aided in transforming a government system of a republican institution. The Roman Empire grew became known as one of the largest in the world. Languages in Rome in the present time like French, Spanish, Latin and Portuguese were strongly based on Latin. The Roans concocted a rich culture in law, language and engineering as well. After 200 years, it came to a decline and paved way to the period of Early Middle Ages. The era gave birth to the widespread Religion of Christianity through the works of Paul of Tarsus. Germanic kingdoms also became apparent in the part of Western Europe. The Carolingian Empire was ruled by Charlemagne, a brood of a Germanic tribe who accepted Christianity. Traditions from the classical age, the Germanic tribes and Christianity merged to give identity to the new civilization of Europe. This was threatened by Vikings and Muslims. Fortunately, the civilization was kept intact. By the dawn of the 9th and 10th century, agricultural production was heightened. Trade was also established along with changes in the technology during the High Middle Ages. Cities and banks were also present. When the 14th Century came, the West was plagued by the Black Death. It caused the fall of trade and instigated the difference of the upper and lower classes. A war which ran for a hundred years between the English and the French rattled the political status of Europe. Papacy was also affected in Rome when conflicts between popes occurred. All these are reflected in the arts during the period. Soon after, the Renaissance period which is dubbed as the time for reconstruction created new ways for the West. It was made evident that the Catholic Church is a very important institution. The Western civilization faced rises and falls caused by wars, invaders and other factors. All the events contributed on what the West has in the present civilization today. References: A Review of Western Civilization. Retrieved August 14, 2010 from http://www. wadsworth. com/history_d/templates/student_resources/0534600085_spielvogel/VolumeIIto1550. html