Kingdom of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Kingdom of God - Essay Example One of the major messages that were sent by Christianity focuses on the afterlife of the believers. That is why it is important to explore the concept of Kingdom of God. First of all, one should note that it is not observable (Luke 17:20). In other words, it is not same particular part of the physical world. Another point that should be mentioned is that the Kingdom of God marks a new age in the development of the world. For example, in Luke 16:16 it is suggested that preaching of the new Gospel reflected the transition from old Jewish centered faith to new, international one. So, the actual appearance of the Kingdom will be a major event in the history of humanity. In Mark 10:15 it is stated that if people want to enter the Kingdom of God they should have a child like faith. This is particularly important since it suggests that many people should work on themselves to develop this kind of faith. It is quite obvious that one of the major characteristics of Kingdom of God is love which is the concept that is promoted by Jesus Christ (Mark 12:32). All this results in the understanding that the Kingdom will be based on Christian ideas. Finally, Kingdom of God will come to the Earth unexpectedly, as it was depicted in the parable of Ten Virgins (Matthew 25: 1-13). This means that people should be aware that every minute might be the last and act accordingly: refrain from sinning in order to get into the Kingdom of God.

Engineering and environmental materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Engineering and environmental materials - Essay Example These two lanes of traffic were to be constructed on the lower deck level of the bridge. The same conclusion had already been given by Bristol city council. The second recommendation by the group was the removal of the upper part of the bridge that comprises of the stiffening plates. The third conclusion was that the weight of the proposed cantilever beam of the footway could be adequately and safely supported by the bridge. The method of analysis employed by Halcrow Group Ltd was SAM. In this analysis method, the individual members of the bridge were modeled in collaboration with section properties. The section properties were obtained from site measurements as well as original drawing scripts. In determination of the section properties of the individual members, assumption was made on their ultimate tensile strengths (UTS). These sections were accredited with low ultimate tensile strength of the main members. 2D Diagrams of the bridge A. Bridge in current use B. Cross section of th e Bridge The assumption in the model for the bridge in use is that the movable part is able to move freely along x-x axis since the diagram is in 2D. The movable part has 4 degrees of freedom. The second degree of freedom is in y-y axis during lifting up and down with the help of a crane. The rationale of the movable structure of the bridge is to allow space for recreational activities within the stream .The stationary parts are fixed to a rigid base. The assumption of the cross section model is that the reaction and action are equal and opposite. The reaction of the principal structure in the footway is capable to accommodate the weight of the pedestrians. The same applies to the principal structure in the traffic lane. Since the lane is two-way traffic, the principal structures are assumed to possess double tensile strength so as to withstand the weights of the vehicles. The rationale of the second model is to provide maximum utilization of the bridge. Most of bridges are construc ted with one rationale that is to provide footway for the pedestrian. However, that is not the case in Ashton Bridge. This bridge is designed so as to provide maximum utilization. The moment of inertia is great so as to withstand the action force (Domone & ILLston, 2010). Evaluation of the actions of the proposed bridge A. Pedestrian and cycle traffic The pedestrians would be inconvenient with the proposed repairs and maintenance. The cantilevering of the footway with steel beam supports and decking will mean indefinite closure of the existing footway. This information is obtained from Halcrow Group Ltd rapid transit report. The cycle traffic will also be affected. This is because of the removal of the corroded deck plates together with the concrete decking. B. Bus loading Bus loading will also be affected. This is because of the proposed cutting of top corner stiffening plates. The ultimate action will be increased headroom for loading buses. C. Self weight A lot of interference wi ll not be caused to the bridge self weight. This is because during all the proposed operations the rigid base of the bridge will not be interfered with. As indicated in the report the proposed new carriageway will be constructed on the existing steel deck plate before the deck plates are replaced. The overall weight of the bridge will increase due to the addition of the drainage modifications and

Direct Manipulation Principles

Direct Manipulation Principles PART 1 DIRECT MANIPULATION PRINCIPLES Three Major Principles of Direct Manipulation Process based on selection, interrupted and visible performance of object Process based on selection is immediately displayed, which works fast, incremental and two sided actions Process based on selection using pointing action instead of typed commands (No Syntax) Advantages of Direct Manipulation Beginners learn Quickly Seldom users can remember concepts Getting error messages are not often Users finds their actions are promoting their goals User friendly Potential Problems of Direct Manipulation Visual representation can be too detail High-level flowchart database schema can become confusing Design may mislead to their goals User must know the meaning of images which is displayed Typing commands or using short keys with the keyboard may be faster PART 2 MULTI-TOUCH INTERACTION Two Hardware Technologies which detect multi-finger action Microsoft Surface and Microsoft Touch wall are some of the two hardware technologies which detect multi-finger action. MICROSOFT SURFACE MICROSOFT TOUCH WALL Microsoft Surface Mechanism: Microsoft Surface has a rugged table top structure, with powerful processors and intuitive interface, which is versatile and horizontal viewing. Microsoft Surface is multi-touch computer which grabs digital substance with your hands and move with simple touches instead of using mouse and keyboard Microsoft Surface use camera and image recognition in a infrared spectrum to detect with sense of objects such as fingers, tagged items shapes The input is then processed by computer and the sequent interaction is displayed using rear projection Microsoft Surface is based on Windows Vista SP1 operating system and it has 30 inch XGA DLP projector with maximum resolution, pressure load. Pros: It makes convenient work space and easy to use It is used in hotel to speed up the self check ins It is used in restaurants to order and pay from their tables Cons: It is very expensive People are more dependent on technology Microsoft Touch Wall Mechanism: Touch Wall is built on plex technology Plex provides touch wall with fresh and fleshed out ways to prepare a natural interface Touch wall is large organization exhibit prototype and undergo collaborative work Touch wall uses a laser touch technique which observes infrared laser light speculating off the users fingers Touch wall explores a different hardware configuration and multi-touch interaction models Pros: Touch wall is very intuitive Easy to use Save Space It is faster pointing devices Cons: It is very expensive Size of the device is very large and difficult to transfer from one place to another place. General Advantage of multi-touch Interaction Multi-touch grabs digital substance with hands and more with simple touch It is more flexible to learn understand User can rotate and zoom the window It supports the interaction between different users. Users can switch between different task spontaneously Instead of making devices with different button, soft machines just draw a picture of the devices Potential problems of using multi-touch Interaction It is very expensive Size is very big It requires two hands to operate On large displays many objects are out of focus Very object of the user is manipulating It has reflective display but it is not usable in bright sunlights PART 3 SURVEY Multi-touch Interaction Supported in the user interface of iPhone iPhone is described of Internet and multimedia enable smartphones designed by Apple Inc. Most of the users have satisfaction on using the iphone and users increases the usage of email data function By surveying the iphone users, they have previous apple experience and they are technically sophisticated, most of the iphone users are students and age under 30 years. In mobile industry iPhone increases service billing of about 24% because it displacing the notebook computers. Apple iphone increases some new application with the help of surveying by the iphone users The iPhone users has moderate capable problems who strongly agreed of 24%, Mildly agreed of 38%, Mildly disagreed of 28%, Strongly disagreed of 10% iPhone runs an operating system known as iPhone OS The operating system of iPhone run the software which is approved by the signature of Apple It has 16 GB 32GB flash drive, 3 mega pixel auto focus It has Accelerometer sensors, proximity sensor and Ambient light sensor ATT EDGE network speed is very low. The 66% of iPhone users says it is best, which is followed by 45% of touch screen interface, easy to use 22 % and size of screen 16% Users like iphone because it come with great application like email GPS MMS etc Using iPhone in business is to speed up the day, like quick call, calendar, web browsing, strong contacts and smart features like GPS maps , weather report etc iPhone helps the users to cook because it has Apps of the cooks iPhone also have great application like Apps for keeping current news, Apps for outdoors, Apps for music, Apps for work, Apps for students, Apps for business, Apps of going out and finding places to eat, Apps for Games and fun Wi-Fi networks rarely have an issues like unable to connect near by Wi-Fi networks, giving every low signals and also sometimes unable to connect the internet It cannot turn off the iPhone and unable to load data from the sync service iPhone cannot be unlocked formally because the lock and unlock authority is maintained by the Apple servers. Using both Multi-touch Interaction and Direct Manipulation Methods In Apple iPhone the both Direct Manipulation and Multi-touch Interaction are used by Multi-finger cursor techniques. Direct touch interaction is appealing because they can play a role of both selection and manipulation. Discussion Pros iPhone users are very satisfied iPhone increase mobile browsing Cons It supports SIM that has been activated for that specific mobile phone It Cant upgrade the phone memory iPhone battery cannot be changed and the fact that it is sealed Limitation Drawbacks It is very hard to write in iphone because every time when we enter comma or any punctuation it is very difficult Suggestions

Grapes Of Wrath Essay -- essays research papers fc

John Steinbeck uses symbolism to enrich his writing. Several of these symbols can be found in his book, The Grapes of Wrath. The Joad’s, a family from Oklahoma, are in search of a better life. They leave their home in journey to California because of the dust bowl. The symbols in the book are the dust, the turtle, names of people, and the grapes. These symbols give the reader an additional perspective of the book. Dust represents life and death. Dust makes a mess of things and leaves possessions under a mucky film. The farming in Oklahoma becomes difficult because the heavy winds uplift the soil and carry it great distances. Then the farmers are left with no soil to grow their crops. The Joad’s livelihood depends on the soil. If the soil is rich, then it will feed hundreds. But if the soil is dry, it destroys crops and causes famine. The dust covers Oklahoma and leaves the Joad family with no other choice, but to move. The Joad’s journey to California is as slow as a turtle. Heat in the desert, car problems, and the death of the grandparents make the journey long and painful. A turtle shelters himself by pulling his head, legs, and tail inside his shell. The Joad’s gather together as a family to comfort and shelter themselves. A turtle feels safe when it enters his shell and the Joad’s feel safe when they gather as a family. There is symbolic significance in the names of characters throughout The Grapes of Wrath. Tom, one of the main characters, is hitchhiking home when he stumbles upon a preacher by the name of Jim Casey. Jim baptized Tom, but now he is no longer preaching because he has found that everything is holy and man needs no preacher. His initials are J.C. which are the same as Jesus Christ. Jim shows similar characteristics to Jesus Christ. He sacrifices himself for Tom. Tom has caused a deputy to loose his suspect and is said to be under arrest, but Casey steps in and takes the blame. â€Å"It was me, alright† (p.364). Casey is taken by two deputies, but appears to be proud because he knows he has done the right thing. â€Å"Between his guards Casey sat proudly, his head up and the stringy muscles of his neck prominent† (p.364). He gives up his freedom so the Joad’s can accomplish their dreams as a family. Tom then meets Muley Graves, an old neighbor. Muley shows animal like characteristics and acts like a mule. Just like a mule, Muley is stubborn. ... ...ouldn’t share. â€Å"So Ruthie got mad an’ chased ‘em, an’ she fit one, an’ then she fit another, an’ then one big girl got up an’ licked her† (p.563). Although she appears to be strong in reality she is weak . Grapes are the fruit of the vine; something sweet. But in actuality for the Joad’s they are a disappointment. The Joad’s talk about them as being this wonderful fruit that will bring them a better life. They will pick the grapes and earn money. But as they stare at the open fields they realize that it is all just a dream. There are no grapes. They continuously think of the grapes as an escape from their depression. The grapes would be so fruitful that they would be able to bathe in the sweetness, but in their case it turns out completely different. Discussing the symbols of the dust, the turtle, the names, and the grapes makes the reader aware of another aspect of the story. The reader is able to realize just how well Steinbeck is able to bring his stories to life. As a reader you learn to appreciate his style of writing. Once you read his books you realize that he is not only a author, but an artist too. Bibliography the symbols in the Grapes of Wrath Word Count: 1716

Secret Window Movie

Secret Window is psychological thrilled about mind that cracks right down the middle and separates two different people with totally two different personalities that is taking over. Mort Rainey is a successful writer going through unfriendly divorce from his wife, Amy. Mort suspicion his wife Amy who is secretly meeting a lover and one night he confirms his fear by following her to a nearby motel and hesitantly walks in to the room while they are in bed. His hesitation was caused by a voice in his head that was trying to persuade him to go home and forget about his suspicion. Mort is alone and bitter in his little cabin, he continues to work on his writing when stranger John Shooter comes up to his doorstep, claim Rainey stole his story. Mort tells Shooter that he wrote his first and he can prove it, but while Mort waits for the evidence to appear, Shooter starts to become more violent. Mort also tries to tell Shooter that his story was published way back before Shooter’s existed. And then he is given three days by Shooter to prove it. Mort had medical attention then maybe he would have gotten treatment for his disorder. The disorder in which I am thinking of is known as dissociation identity disorder (DID) which also called as multiple personality disorder (MPD). This disorder is a psychiatric condition which person role in multiple identities. Each has a different set of unique set of memories, emotions, behavior, and thoughts. Mort’s alter ego which was Shooter is called a â€Å"host personality† this is when he executive control of the body for the greatest percentage of time during a given amount of time. Mort has been taking prescription drugs to stabilize his mental disorder. This problem combined with cigarette and alcohol-induced psychotic disorder with delusions and with onset during intoxication may account for five murders that were committed by one of Mort’s personalities. I have known that in this multiple personality disorder therapy the hypnosis is one of the successful treatment for the person that diagnosis with this disorder. In this hypnosis therapy they ask patient to go back in their mind when traumatic events occurred in their childhood. The treatment helps them belief that those traumatic memories will permit in patient to understand the threats from their childhood is doesn’t exist anymore in their adult life. Neither I can nor has anyone I know that has been related to this movie with multiple personality disorder. I can’t imagine any of my family member or friends going through with this kind of disorder. But I have seen one of the shows on T. V. that was similar to this kind of movie. It was girl who diagnosis with this multiple personality disorder. It was hard for the parents to take care of her and her little brother together. Her brother was only 2 year old and she tries to kill her brother and she go through that traumatic events. Her parent rent another apartment so separate brother and sister from each-other. The director had done really wonderful job with this movie, but there something I see to be end different ways than the way it did end. If I were director of this movie, I would keep the most part of the movie the way it is except for the end part. I was looking for some more to it at the end. I would try to show the treatment to this disorder so it allow to understand more people how patient get treated with multiple personality disorder. And also audience can understand much better to people who deal with mental illness.

Review Strategies Used in Health and Social Care Environments Essay

M2, review strategies used in health and social care environments to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. D1, evaluate strategies used in health and social care to overcome barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. Introduction There are many differing ideas on the best way to communicate in health and social care and there are many strategies used by the many differing professionals working in health and social care. This assignment will review the different strategies used and then will evaluate the differing strategies and their effectiveness when overcoming barriers to effective communication and interpersonal interactions. M2; There are lots of different strategies used in health and social care and all of these strategies have their strengths and weaknesses this assignment is going to review if these strategies are successful or not. The strategies that will be looked at are staff training, reflective listening, individual preference, the environment and awareness of non-verbal communication. Reflective listening www.skillsforlife.co.uk believe the strength of Reflective listening as a strategy in health and social care is it builds the clients self-esteem and lets them know that you are interested in what they are saying and keeps a conversation going and by repeating what is been said to you lets the client know that you are professional and listening to what they have to say. The weakness of reflective listening is if the client has low self-esteem before the conversation starts or is angry or upset the client may feel that the service provider is not helping by just repeating what is being said to them and this could anger the client further or the client will just refuse to talk. Staff training www.skillsforlife.co.uk suggest that the strength of staff training is that it allows for constant updates in which service provides are always up to date on the latest strategies on overcoming barriers to communication and this leads to a better understanding of how barriers can happen and gives them the tools to take control and remedy the situation. www.skillsforlife.co.uk also suggest that the weaknesses that can arise due to staff training is that the member of staff loses time with clients while attending courses and may not be able to attend all training opportunities so this can lead to a gap in training and the member of staff not knowing all the latest strategies and this in turn can make things difficult for clients as they are not being given correct and up to information. Individual preference www.skillsforlife.co.uk believe the strength of individual preference is that it allows the client to choose the best way for them to be able to communicate that makes them feel comfortable and this in turn makes it easier for the member of staff as they have a client who is open and willing to talk and this also allows for staff to make appropriate arrangements if an interpreter or signer is needed www.skillsforlife.co.uk also believe that the weaknesses of individual preference is that staff may not have time to find someone to interpret or sign for them and they may not know sign language themselves and also not have time to arrange for these needs before the first meeting with the client. Environment www.skillsforlife.co.uk suggest that the positives that come from the environment that the conversation is taking place in are that for example in a counselling session the environment needs to be quiet so the client can communicate with ease and confidence knowing that they are being listened too. This helps the messages to be understood. www.skillsforlife.co.uk also suggest that the negatives can be that staff do not always have the time to assess all situations and as a lot of the space is used by other professionals such as doctors and nurses the environment cannot always be prepared in advance. Awareness of non-verbal communication According to www.skillsforlife.co.uk, making professionals aware of their non-verbal communication is a good way of overcoming barriers and the professional can ensure the proximity between them and client is a good distance but not too far away, and being aware of this is a good a lot of the way be communicate comes from body language and facial expression and professionals who are aware of this can improve their practice and the emotional needs of clients. www.skillsforlife.co.uk also believe that a negative side to this is that not all professionals have time to learn about this and also a lot of the time our emotions, facial expressions and body language is sub-conscious and not controlled. D1; This part of the assignment will evaluate the strategies used in health and social care. It will evaluate the pros and cons of communication and how they are used to overcome barriers to communication and interpersonal skills. Strategies are used in health and social care to give the service users the best possible chance of getting back to full health as soon as possible and provide on-going treatment or care into the future as and when it is no longer required. They are in place to promote independence and to make caring for someone as pleasant and easy experience for both staff and service user, and according to K.Bryan et al, ageing and mental health (2002) Studies suggest that a high proportion of older people in residential and nursing care have communication difficulties and there is some awareness of the need for staff training to allow effective communication to be achieved. Not working in the sector the only experiences to draw on are in the voluntary sector, working with an elderly lady in the early stages of dementia, It will be using these experiences to evaluate the pros and cons as to whether the way strategies are used are effective or not. The strategies it will be evaluating are reflective listening, staff training, individual preference, environment and non-verbal communication. Neil Moonie et al effective communication in health and social care (2012), Reflective listening can both be a help and a hindrance when communicating with dementia patients as it does depend on the service user and the sort of day they are having some days they are in the present and other days they are in the past so the trick is to adjust the way you reflect back to suit the conversation you are having as not to confuse the service user and keep the conversation going, in my opinion reflective listening is an important tool in breaking down barriers as it gives everyone a chance to air their views and be understood as to what they want, need and require. Neil Moonie et al effective communication in health and social care (2012), Staff training as a tool for overcoming barriers to communication is very important as without it staff working in the sector would not be able to serve their clients in the best way possible they would not have the knowledge to look after their patients in a safe and healthy way and this in turn will anger and or scare the patients so that they refuse help which could be detrimental to their health. In my opinion staff training is an effective way of keeping up to date on the latest skills and other ways of making sure all clients are safe and well in your care. Neil Moonie et al effective communication in health and social care (2012), Individual preference is important as a tool to overcome communication barriers as it makes the client comfortable and this in turn helps them to relax and open to talking, for those who have difficulty communicating keeping to their way of doing things also helps the client to relax and not to feel anxious because they are in a strange place and may be feeling confused and unsure of what is going on. In my opinion individual preference is important as it centres care on what is best for the client to make them as happy and relaxed as possible. Neil Moonie et al effective communication in health and social care (2012), Environment is an important tool for both client and staff, for clients it is important that things are familiar and as normal as possible and helps the service user to feel relaxed as with individual preference if they have difficulty communicating they will feel anxious and confused so a familiar environment will put them at easel, for staff the environment is important so they can perform their duties with ease and using the same environment for each client allows the staff member to know where everything is and the repetitive nature will reassure the client that nothing’s changed. Neil Moonie et al effective communication in health and social care (2012), Non-verbal communication the way we communicate non-verbally plays a part in overcoming barriers to communication because if our body language is negative such as no eye contact, this will impact on the client and may make them feel insecure and not willing to communicate, whereas a positive attitude will help the client to open up to you and be more willing to talk. Conclusion Strategies in communication are important as they help to overcome the difficulties some people face on a day to day basis, these strategies also help to decide what works and what dos not when working with service users in a health and social care setting Reference Stretch, B, Whitehouse, M, (2010) Btec level 3 health and social care book 1, Harlow, Pearson Education LTD K. Bryan, L. Axelrod, J. Maxim, L. Bell & L. Jordan Journal: Aging & Mental Health Volume 6, Issue 3, August 2002, pages 248-254 Neil Moonie et al effective communication in health and social care (2012) pages 1-45 http//www.skillsyouneed.co.uk 2012/ips/barriers-communication 20/12/2012

Quest and Pursuit

Quest and Pursuit Quest and Pursuit Quest and Pursuit By Maeve Maddox A reader asks,    Whats the difference between Quest and Pursuit?   Under which situation their usage  should be preferred.  Please offer some examples.   Ã‚   On one level, the words are synonyms:    The congressman himself has been fascinatingly silent in pursuit of the nomination.    He had resigned his ambassadorship to return home  in quest of the nomination.    However, the words differ in connotation. In the first example given above, pursuit lacks emotional force. The use of quest in the second sentence implies that the nomination is something the ambassador strongly desires and that he is willing to endure great suffering in order to obtain it.    In the fifteenth century, Sir Thomas Malory and other authors used quest to refer to the noble undertaking of a knight. The knight’s quest might be the rescue of a maiden or the killing of a giant. In Arthurian romance, quest was often associated with the search for the ultimate prize, the Holy Grail. Because of the lingering association with the Grail of Jesus, quest retains a loftier connotation than pursuit.    The word quest can also refer to the particular type of narrative described by Joseph Campbell in The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949). Examples of the â€Å"quest story† are Gilgamesh, Beowulf, and Star Wars. Here’s Campbell’s definition: A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man.    Pursuit, on the other hand, refers to the action of chasing something.    In early use (1387), the purpose of a pursuit was to overtake and capture, harm, or kill the thing being chased. Later, the word acquired the more general sense of simply following or chasing something, not necessarily with the intention to do it harm.    In colloquial speech, we all use quest in contexts that do not involve adventure or the good of our fellow man. Here are typically extravagant uses of quest in mundane contexts:    Yesterday, I went on a  quest  for a  pair of pants  that fit.      Growing the perfect  tomato  is a  quest for  many gardeners.    These theaters in Atlanta lend an epic element to any cinematic night out or quest for summer blockbuster viewing.    Epic is frequently found in the company of the already strong word quest:    Jon Stewart goes on epic quest with a red balloon to prove Dick Cheney wrong on Iran    One female veteran’s epic quest for a ‘foot that fits’    The Greenville Public Schools Board of Education is embarking on an epic quest to find a new superintendent.    I’m home from my first epic quest adventure.  [a restaurant tour]    Preposition use with quest and pursuit can be tricky. One goes â€Å"in quest of justice,† for example, but one is â€Å"on a quest for justice.† Police go â€Å"in pursuit of a criminal,† but they could find themselves â€Å"in pursuit for hours.† Pursuit conveys chasing, searching, or desiring. Quest implies courage, hardship, and altruism. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Exquisite Adjectives30 Baseball Idioms12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions

How to Write a Great Book Dedication

How to Write a Great Book Dedication Creating a literary piece is not an easy task. It takes much time, effort, and dedication to produce a book, and it is essential to show gratitude to those who helped or inspired you on your path. While the dedication doesnt have to be lengthy, it is a very personal addition to the start of your book and, therefore, requires substantial thought.When were book dedications first used?Dedications were first used in the classical times. Authors often had more reasons to write dedications than simply to mention someone they wanted to thank. Books and other literary works were often financed by patrons who chose the author for a particular reason. Some works were commissioned, sometimes even by the Queen of England (for example, Shakespeare was commissioned by the Queen to write Henry VIII). Sometimes authors received gifts of encouragement from their patrons. In response to this support, the author thanked their patron with a tribute in a dedication.The original dedication format containe d a sentence such as This book is dedicated to a high-standing personality or city, etc. Having a good dedication signaled to other patrons that they too could enjoy similar recognition if they supported that author for a work of their own. Therefore, dedications were often elaborate in wording.Themes of dedicationsDedications can simply offer thanks to a monetary supporter or an emotional supporter, or they can make a political statement. For example, in her book Beloved, Toni Morrison made a dedication to Sixty Million and more. This was a reference to the number of slaves who died as part of the slave trade.Certain authors use the dedication as a way to show the tastes of society or to shock society with an audacious statement. In modern dedications, authors have made statements that are mixed in nature, putting together statements of thanks, love, political opinion, hope, and humor.As you consider what you want your dedication to be like, consider your own personality and what t he work has meant to you. This part of writing a book is all about adding the final touch, which represents who you are as the author and what you want the world to know about you before they begin reading.Focusing the dedicationStep 1 - Make a list of whom you might want to include in the dedication.Is there one person or a group of people who were the impetus for your work? What inspired you to write? Make a list of these people. If there was someone who inspired the main character or any of the other characters in the book, include them on the list as well.Also, you should consider if you want to dedicate the book to people you know personally, or to people you do not know personally but whom you admire. Dont be afraid to put everyone on this list at this point. You will be able to narrow your list later on if you wish.Step 2 - Write down people you do not want in the dedication.Once you have the first list finished, make a second list of people who you dont think are appropria te for the dedication. This will help you to narrow down your first list, or it might help you to focus more for the next step. For example, while you may think you want to put your newborn daughter in a dedication, if the book is an adult romance novel, it might not be appropriate to dedicate the book to her.Step 3 - List the main themes in your book.Examine the themes presented throughout your book. Make a list of those themes, and consider if there are people in your life who might represent those themes or who might have helped - knowingly or unknowingly - provide inspiration for those particular themes. Sometimes this examination can bring to light people whom you did not initially consider to have helped you to write the book, but without whom you wouldnt have a robust story to tell.For example, if you have wanted to write a book about overcoming adversity and finally did it, you may want to call attention to those people who caused you to face adversity. Without them, you might not have had the perspective needed or the desire to write such a book.Step 4 - Why do you want to dedicate the book to them?When you decide to whom you want to dedicate the book, it is important to note all the reasons why you chose them. Did they encourage you on your lowest days? Did they provide sustenance as you worked through the nights? Did they support you monetarily? What about direct contributions? Did they give their input on characters or dialogue?There are so many ways that people help us as we write, and its important when writing a book dedication to get all the reasons in front of us. This helps us to choose what we are most grateful for. While a book dedication can be as short or as long as you want it to be, you want to get it just right. Once its in print, it takes some doing to change it.Step 5 - Did you promise a dedication?Sometimes writers will agree to dedicate their book to someone. This happens either with friends who simply want a mention or family members who helped you in exchange for a dedication - just like the patrons of old. Consider if this is a request that you want to keep.While promises are important, book dedications are personal and provide meaningful closure to the writing process. Sometimes, throughout the book writing process, promises made at the beginning dont hold up at the end. What if you made a promise to someone you are no longer in contact with? Is it worth including a dedication to them? If you dont want to put someones name in the dedication, then you dont have to. Still, they might be hurt or offended to discover that you did not include them.Does a book dedication have to be to a person?A book dedication does not need to be made to a person. If you feel like coffee or energy drinks were the main source of inspiration, then by all means feel free to make a dedication to them. There are no rules for dedications, so do whatever your heart says is right for your book.What should you say in your dedicat ion?The beginningTo start off your dedication, choose something that fits to whom or what it is. For example, you could start out with In memory of if you are making a dedication to a deceased individual. You could also use To, For, or In honor of.Include a piece of yourselfOnce you have decided on the beginning words, continue to the dedication itself. Because the book is the result of your own hard work, make sure to include several aspects of your personality. If you consider yourself to be funny or light-hearted, then include some humor in your dedication. This is especially impactful if you have included humor in your book. Remember, the dedication gives the reader a little insight into you as the author, so start the book out with the right tone.If you consider yourself to be a more formal person or if you want the dedication to have a serious tone, then phrase your dedication using formal terms and thoughts. In one good example of personality in the dedication, Neil Gaiman wo rded his dedications using you without specifically identifying who the person is.You know how it is. You pick up a book, flip to the dedication, and find that, once again, the author has dedicated a book to someone else and not to you.Not this time.Because we havent yet met/have only a glancing acquaintance/are just crazy about each other/havent seen each other in much too long/are in some way related/will never meet, but will, I trust, despite that, always think fondly of each other!This ones for you.With you know what, and you probably know why.Neil Gaiman, Anansi BoysConsider the subjectYou also want to ensure that the way in which you write the book dedication represents the person or thing being named in the dedication. If you are dedicating the book to a person, think about some personal discussions you have had with that person, inside jokes, or even significant experiences you shared with each other that may have influenced the book. Keep it personal to that person.For exam ple:George R.R. Martin in A Storm of Swords dedicated the book as: For Phyllis, who made me put the dragons in.Carl Sagan in Cosmos: In the vastness of space and immensity of time, it is my joy to spend a planet and an epoch with Annie.Set the tone for the books themeAs mentioned earlier, the book dedication can be a place where you acknowledge someones contribution to the theme. In doing this, you will set the tone for the book and build up the reader to experience the theme youve created. If the theme is political, then it makes sense to include some wording that is politically driven. If the theme is romance, then have a dedication that is softer and includes a message of love to whomever the dedication is.Include other types of writingIf you have a favorite quote or poem, feel free to use that as a dedication. It is recommended to use a quote or a piece of poetry that fits with the theme and tone of the book, but that is not a requirement. Again, include something that comes fro m your heart or personality. The quote could be from a friend or relative, or even one of your characters.Completing the dedicationOnce you have finished deciding to whom to make the dedication, choosing a style and tone, and writing the dedication, you will need to put effort into finalizing it for publication.Be sure to edit the dedication. Make sure there are no typos or misspellings, especially when it comes to names. The last thing you want is to misspell the name of the person to whom you are dedicating the book.If there are formatting requirements from the publisher or for your eBook, make sure you have followed those guidelines. If you ended up using a poem, make sure to retain any special formatting in the original work.Lastly, it is courteous to notify the person or persons that you are dedicating your book to them. Sometimes it could be a nice surprise, but most often it is polite to give a heads up before the publication is complete.

History of Christmas Traditions in the 19th Century

History of Christmas Traditions in the 19th Century The history of Christmas traditions kept evolving throughout  the 19th century, when most of the familiar components of the modern Christmas including St. Nicholas, Santa Claus, and Christmas trees, became popular. The changes in how Christmas was celebrated were so profound that its safe to say someone alive in 1800 would not even recognize the Christmas celebrations held in 1900. Christmas Traditions: Key Takeaways Our most common Christmas traditions developed during the 1800s:The character of Santa Claus was largely a creation of author Washington Irving and cartoonist Thomas Nast.Christmas trees were popularized by Queen Victoria and her German husband, Prince Albert.Author Charles Dickens helped establish a tradition of generosity at Christmas. Washington Irving and St. Nicholas Early Dutch settlers of New York considered St. Nicholas to be their patron saint and practiced a yearly ritual of hanging stockings to receive presents on St. Nicholas Eve, in early December. Washington Irving, in his fanciful History of New York, mentioned that St. Nicholas had a wagon he could ride â€Å"over the tops of trees† when he brought â€Å"his yearly presents to children.† The Dutch word â€Å"Sinterklaas† for St. Nicholas evolved into the English â€Å"Santa Claus,† thanks in part to a New York City printer, William Gilley, who published an anonymous poem referring to â€Å"Santeclaus† in a children’s book in 1821. The poem was also the first mention of a character based on St. Nicholas having a sleigh, in this case, pulled by a single reindeer. Clement Clarke Moore and The Night Before Christmas Perhaps the best-known poem in the English language is â€Å"A Visit from St. Nicholas,† or as it’s often called, â€Å"The Night Before Christmas.† Its author, Clement Clarke Moore, a professor who owned an estate on the west side of Manhattan, would have been quite familiar with the St. Nicholas traditions followed in early 19th century New York. The poem was first published, anonymously, in a newspaper in Troy, New York, on December 23, 1823. Reading the poem today, one might assume that Moore simply portrayed the common traditions. Yet he actually did something quite radical by changing some of the traditions while also describing features that were entirely new. For instance, the St. Nicholas gift giving would have taken place on December 5, the eve of St. Nicholas Day. Moore moved the events he describes to Christmas Eve. He also came up with the concept of â€Å"St. Nick† having eight reindeer, each of them with a distinctive name. Charles Dickens and A Christmas Carol The other great work of Christmas literature from the 19th century is A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens. In writing the tale of Ebenezer Scrooge, Dickens wanted to comment on greed in Victorian Britain. He also made Christmas a more prominent holiday and permanently associated himself with Christmas celebrations. Dickens was inspired to write his classic story after speaking to working people in the industrial city of Manchester, England, in early October 1843. He wrote A Christmas Carol quickly, and when it appeared in bookstores the week before Christmas 1843 it began to sell very well. The book crossed the Atlantic and began to sell in America in time for Christmas 1844, and became extremely popular. When Dickens made his second trip to America in 1867 crowds clamored to hear him read from A Christmas Carol.  His tale of Scrooge and the true meaning of Christmas had become an American favorite. The story has never been out of print, and Scrooge is one of the best-known characters in literature. Santa Claus Drawn by Thomas Nast The famed American cartoonist Thomas Nast is generally credited as having invented the modern depiction of Santa Claus. Nast, who had worked as a magazine illustrator and created campaign posters for Abraham Lincoln in 1860, was hired by Harper’s Weekly in 1862. For the Christmas season, he was assigned to draw the magazine’s cover, and legend has it that Lincoln himself requested a depiction of Santa Claus visiting Union troops. The resulting cover, from Harper’s Weekly dated January 3, 1863, was a hit. It shows Santa Claus on his sleigh, which has arrived at a U.S. Army camp festooned with a â€Å"Welcome Santa Claus† sign. Santa’s suit features the stars and stripes of the American flag, and he’s distributing Christmas packages to the soldiers. One soldier is holding up a new pair of socks, which might be a boring present today, but would have been a highly prized item in the Army of the Potomac. Beneath Nasts illustration was the caption, â€Å"Santa Claus In Camp.† Appearing not long after the carnage at Antietam and Fredericksburg, the magazine cover is an apparent attempt to boost morale in a dark time. The Santa Claus illustrations proved so popular that Thomas Nast kept drawing them every year for decades. He is also credited with creating the notion that Santa lived at the North Pole and kept a workshop manned by elves. The figure of Santa Claus endured, with the version drawn by Nast becoming the accepted standard version of the character. By the early 20th century the Nast-inspired version of Santa became a very common figure in advertising. Prince Albert and Queen Victoria Made Christmas Trees Fashionable The tradition of the Christmas tree came from Germany, and there are accounts of early 19th century Christmas trees in America, but the custom wasn’t widespread outside German communities. The Christmas tree first gained popularity in British and American society thanks to the husband of Queen Victoria, the German-born Prince Albert. He installed a decorated Christmas tree at Windsor Castle in 1841, and woodcut illustrations  of the Royal Family’s tree appeared in London magazines in 1848. Those illustrations, published in America a year later, created the fashionable impression of the Christmas tree in upper-class homes. By the late 1850s reports of Christmas trees were appearing in American newspapers. And in the years following the Civil War ordinary American households celebrated the season by decorating a Christmas tree. The first electric Christmas tree lights appeared in the 1880s, thanks to an associate of Thomas Edison, but were too costly for most households. Most people in the 1800s lit their Christmas trees with small candles. The First White House Christmas Tree The first Christmas tree in the White House was displayed in 1889, during the presidency of Benjamin Harrison. The Harrison family, including his young grandchildren, decorated the tree with toy soldiers and glass ornaments for their small family gathering. There are some reports of president Franklin Pierce displaying a Christmas tree in the early 1850s. But the stories of a Pierce tree are vague and there doesnt seem to be contemporaneous mentions in newspapers of the time. Christmas Tree and Family, 1848. Benjamin Harrisons Christmas cheer was closely documented in newspaper accounts. An article on the front page of the New York Times on Christmas Day 1889 detailed the lavish presents he was going to give his grandchildren. And though Harrison was generally regarded as a fairly serious person, he vigorously embraced the Christmas spirit.   Not all subsequent presidents continued the tradition of having a Christmas tree in the White House. By the middle of the 20th century, White House Christmas trees became established. And over the years  it has evolved into an elaborate and very public production. The first National Christmas Tree was placed on The Ellipse, an area just south of the White House, in 1923, and the lighting of it was presided over by President Calvin Coolidge. The lighting of the National Christmas Tree has become quite a large annual event, typically presided over by the current president and members of the First Family. Yes, Virginia, There Is a Santa Claus In 1897 an eight-year-old girl in New York City wrote to a newspaper, the New York Sun, asking if her friends, who doubted the existence of Santa Claus, were right. An editor at the newspaper, Francis Pharcellus Church, responded by publishing, on September 21, 1897, an unsigned editorial. The response to the little girl has become the most famous newspaper editorial ever printed. The second paragraph is often quoted: Yes, VIRGINIA, there is a Santa Claus. He exists as certainly as love and generosity and devotion exist, and you know that they abound and give to your life its highest beauty and joy. Alas! how dreary would be the world if there were no Santa Claus. It would be as dreary as if there were no VIRGINIAS. Church’s eloquent editorial asserting the existence of Santa Claus seemed a fitting conclusion to a century that began with modest observances of St. Nicholas and ended with the foundations of the modern Christmas season firmly intact. By the end of the 19th century, the essential components of a modern Christmas, from Santa to the story of Scrooge to strings of electric lights were firmly established in America.

Introduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Introduction - Essay Example With this the signal is converted into a form which is compatible with the system. For analog form, A/D converter is used for the transmission of the signal, and for digital form, such a block is not required if data already exists in the digital form (Bagad and Dhotre, 2009, p.4-26). PCM – PCM or pulse-code modulation is a method based on digital encoding and are effectively used in optical fibre communications. The baseband video signal in the system is quantified and sampled. There is a series of bits that encodes the sample. The light is put on and off using binary signals. The bandwidth is required to be enhanced over the baseband method for its use. This is a good choice for optical communications, particularly when laser diode has to be utilized owing to presence of inherent nonlinearity in the source of the optics (Bandyopadhyay, 2014, p.314). PPM – PPM or pulse position modulation is used for optical communications where the code scheme involves a bit time divided into two slots. Data can either be 1 or 0. If it is 1, the pulse gets transmitted in the first bit time slot. If the data is 0, then the pulse gets generated in the second slot of the bit time. Expansion of PPM is also possible and proves to be efficient for optical communications (Alexander, 1997, p.228). Digital PPM – PPM can also be used digital transmission of information based on optical communications. It is also referred to as differential pulse position modulation. It is a variation of the PPM coding, which can transmit data irrespective of the presence of time. If delays occur in the transmission, they take reference from falling edge of the pulse that was earlier transmitted (Lazaridis, 2011). Multiple PPM and Dicode PPM – Dicode PPM and Multiple PPM are considered as the most efficient bandwidths for optical communications. The best forms of sensitivities are offered by these PPM without causing the large bandwidth of the system to increase.

The English Reformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The English Reformation - Essay Example This paragraph will examine the role of Martin Luther in the reformation of Western Civilization. Church has been dominating force in Western Civilization and over the period of time, it assumed the central role across different Regions because of the Catholic majority. What is, however, critical to note that many people actually considered Pope and Church involved in the worldly affairs and distracting from the original mandate of the same. Martin Luther was the person who basically called for the reformation of the Catholic Church and set the foundation for Protestant movement. By presenting his 95 theses he called for the full reforms of the Church and set forth the chain reaction which actually ensured personal freedom and proved as a move towards more liberal and open society in Western civilization. (Mullett) This will discuss the role of John Calvin in the reformation of the Western Civilization and how his theology challenged the Catholic Church. John Calvin played even a bigger role in the reformation process and his achievements are considered as even better than that of Martin Luther. Probably his greatest achievement in terms of the Reformation was further solidification of Protestant ideology and the flourishing of the Protestant churches across Europe. Though he and Luther shared the same theology, however, his influence in Germany proved as one of the deciding factors in terms of the spread of Protestantism across the region. The birth of Puritans, therefore, proved as a vital development which challenged the position of the established Catholic Church and appointed their own ministers without reporting to the Church. Calvin, therefore, was instrumental in founding what is now called Calvinism and was an important figure in reformation.  

Summary of the film The lives of others Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of the film The lives of others - Essay Example The film elicited criticism despite receiving widespread acclaim. Roger Ebert described the film as quiet while Wolf Biermann criticized it for lacking originality in its political details (The Guardian). However, the impeccable production of The Lives of Others attracted awards and nominations. The film was nominated for Australian Film Critics Association in the category the Best Overseas Film, BBC Four, British Academy of Film and Television Arts, and European Film Academy. The movie also won awards in German Film Critics Association, Sarasota Film Festival, British Academy of Film and Television Arts, Deutsche Film, and European film Academy (Nytimes.com). The purpose of this analysis is to highlight concerns of political power, cruelties, a vindictive administration, trust, love and mistrust that result into a tragic end in the film. The film deals with oppressive powerful regimes, but on a small scale level (Gritten, The Telegraph).The beginning of the film affirms the prevailing powerful regimes in East Berlin in 1984. The detention center of Stasi houses political informants to known details of all citizens and intervene in all possible controversies. Spying on Georg Dreyman affirms that the tension between the population and the government. The political power elicits trust and sacrifice concerns. A suffocating society has little room for expression and happiness (French, The Guardian). For example, the East Berlin bureaucrats do not disclose the real reasons for the surveillance of Dreyman. Wiesler sacrifices his position in the Stasi team after learning that Minister Bruno Hempf is coveting with her girlfriend, Christa. Wiesler uses mistrust to avoid the brutal administration. Donnersmarck’s production is an eye-opener to state assassinations and cruelties carried out under the guise of socialism (Gritten, The Telegraph). The dominant mood of a tragedy engulfs the film that shows a man,

Hand In Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Hand In - Assignment Example With the advancement in technology more and more complex program structures are being developed and if it is tested by the result of one’s experience then it will not be time efficient. As time competence factor plays an important role in technology development, therefore, personal experience cannot be considered as a preferred way for verification and performance tuning. Several test cases are created when the testing and verification are carried out by automatic means. These test cases include all the possible paths through which a program can go through. If a program is passed through a test case and it halts in an indeterminate state or infinite condition or it gives undesired output then it means that there is some coding problem in the program and with the help of that particular test case it can be determined that in which line of code error exists. It is also necessary to pass the program through every case in order to make a program error proof. This takes very less time as compared to manual testing and correction of the program which can consume several hours / days to test a complex program. Use of a particular algorithm also depends on the complexity of a program. Some of these are good with more complex structures while others should be preferred for simple program verification and testing. Incorrect selection of an algorithm can be devastative for a system. Manual program verification, testing and performance tuning is very complicated, time consuming and complex therefore it should not have a preference over automatic means in future. Also, it can be deduced from outcomes of artificial intelligence that magnificent performance improvements can be made by using automated tuning process (Hutter and Babic,

Best Holiday Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Best Holiday - Essay Example Judy and Alex are the customers of the travel agency. They are married couple and want to go for honey moon trip. Best Holiday is a very well reputed travel agency. It offers special discounts to customers. The agency has good reputation for offering detailed tour packages to customers. Judy and Alex felt that they do not need to worry about anything regarding their honey moon trip. Apart from special discounts the agency provides different offers to its customers. All the facilities are available with the travel agency. This is one more reason for choosing the travel agency (Smith, 2014). As it is a honey moon trip for Judy and Alex, so they have chosen Paris as the honey moon destination for them. It is one of the most exotic honey moon destinations in the world. Transportation is a very important part of any trip. In case of this honey moon trip transportation will play a significant role (Archer and Syratt, 2012). Best Holiday will create a hassle free transportation experience for the honey moon couple. The agency has booked the air ticket for Judy and Alex (Kotler, 2008). The honey moon couple will travel by AIR FRANCE flight. Judy and Alex will start their journey on 25th July 2014. They will return on 27th July 2014. The flight will take off from Heathrow airport at 6.20 am and it will reach Paris airport at 9 am. It will take two hours and forty minutes to reach Paris from London. Flight charges for each person will be  £149. For the both occasions, AIR FRANCE will be the airliner for the couple. The agency is set to offer good transportation experience to the honey moon couple which will prepare an appropriate honey moon mood for Judy and Alex. Accommodation is the nerve centre of any trip. Here the importance of accommodation is very significant because it is a honey moon trip. The agency will arrange accommodations for Judy and Alex in hotel Marriott, Paris. It is one of the most beautiful hotels in Paris. The hotel

Economics - to develop an understanding of what has happened in the Essay - 1

Economics - to develop an understanding of what has happened in the economy of the United Kingdom over the last two years - Essay Example The GDP of a country signifies the country’s overall growth. This indicates the heightened level of the economic activities and the high demand for the currency. The increase in the GDP always raises questions regarding the raised inflation levels as well which acts as an indicator to the monetary authorities to increase the interest levels within the country. The GDP and Inflation are normally based on two main concepts a) Consumer Prices Index and b) Retail Prices Index. The United Kingdom has seen a growth in the CPI over the years so as in the RPI. According to the national statistics, the CPI increase has been 5.2% and that of the RPI has been 5%. The increase in CPI and RPI is based a lot on the government and Bank of England contributions and looking at the stats it is very evident that the two have been contributing positively to the growth of the country (National Statistics: Inflation, 2008). The graph shows the growth over the past 4 years and if noticed there has b een an increase however this is expected to fall drastically over the next year. The Government and the Bank of England have made solid efforts to help the economy of the country. After studying the economy for the period 2006 – 2008, it has been noted that the Government and the Bank have played a very important role in the growth of the country’s economy. There have been constant efforts from the Government and the Bank of England to help the banks improve the current situation the government has taken steps of 50 billion pounds plan to nationalize the banks partly and also a promise of 250 million pounds has been made in the future. The Prime Minister has referred to this as a radical plan to assists the banks recover and get back into the normal course of business at the earliest. The Bank of England on the other hand has made available at least 200 billion pounds as short term loans to help

Best Holiday Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Best Holiday - Essay Example Judy and Alex are the customers of the travel agency. They are married couple and want to go for honey moon trip. Best Holiday is a very well reputed travel agency. It offers special discounts to customers. The agency has good reputation for offering detailed tour packages to customers. Judy and Alex felt that they do not need to worry about anything regarding their honey moon trip. Apart from special discounts the agency provides different offers to its customers. All the facilities are available with the travel agency. This is one more reason for choosing the travel agency (Smith, 2014). As it is a honey moon trip for Judy and Alex, so they have chosen Paris as the honey moon destination for them. It is one of the most exotic honey moon destinations in the world. Transportation is a very important part of any trip. In case of this honey moon trip transportation will play a significant role (Archer and Syratt, 2012). Best Holiday will create a hassle free transportation experience for the honey moon couple. The agency has booked the air ticket for Judy and Alex (Kotler, 2008). The honey moon couple will travel by AIR FRANCE flight. Judy and Alex will start their journey on 25th July 2014. They will return on 27th July 2014. The flight will take off from Heathrow airport at 6.20 am and it will reach Paris airport at 9 am. It will take two hours and forty minutes to reach Paris from London. Flight charges for each person will be  £149. For the both occasions, AIR FRANCE will be the airliner for the couple. The agency is set to offer good transportation experience to the honey moon couple which will prepare an appropriate honey moon mood for Judy and Alex. Accommodation is the nerve centre of any trip. Here the importance of accommodation is very significant because it is a honey moon trip. The agency will arrange accommodations for Judy and Alex in hotel Marriott, Paris. It is one of the most beautiful hotels in Paris. The hotel

Translation Approaches Essay Example for Free

Translation Approaches Essay The development of trade and industry has always given rise to changes in the evolution of communities, bringing about new social forms and stratification of society. This in its turn accelerated the appearance of businesses and factories, arrival of new professions, and urbanization. Since the times of Perestroika (which was started in 1989 by Mikhail Gorbatchev) Russian society has been experiencing dramatic changes that affected the countrys politics, economy and social life. In the past 15 years peoples attitudes to certain things have changed gradually but profoundly. We have gotten so used to these new attitudes that its hard to believe it hasnt always been like this. With the arrival of the 21st century we have experienced changes in the economic, legal, technological and other areas which affect our everyday lives. Social changes entail linguistic transformations. Russians in their everyday life got used to certain terms to the point that they no longer consider them terms—ATM machine (Ð ±Ã °Ã ½Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚); deposit (Ð ´Ã µÃ ¿Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ¸Ã'‚); account (Ã' Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚); contract (Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ºÃ'‚); download (Ð ·Ã °Ã ³Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ¶Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'); etc. The terminology of international development is constantly evolving as new socioeconomic concepts emerge. In over 10 years the writer has witnessed the appearance of a number of neologisms, either entirely new terms or established terms used with a different meaning 1. In different societies this process may take different directions depending on the needs and wants of its people. In Russian society an explosive growth of terms pertaining to the economic and computer areas can be observed. Russians largely borrow these terms from the languages of countries with a longer capitalistic and technological tradition (like the USA, for example), thus bringing English words and expressions into the language. Though some of these borrowings have corresponding equivalents in Russian, the English terms are being extensively used by the population, as further evidence of the social changes that have taken place in the country (a similar process would have been inconceivable in the cold war period). Translation is undoubtedly a social phenomenon. Translators choices are influenced not only by the source language text and the peculiarities of the target audience, but also by the era to which the translator belongs—in translating for the modern reader it is necessary to take into consideration creative traditions, literary norms and conventions that are familiar to the reader of a certain society. Nowadays, due to various political changes and dynamic economic and technological growth, the Russian language has acquired numerous terms, which very quickly migrate from the class of neologisms to the category of familiar and frequently used words. Few of these words (computer terms, for example) do not possess the corresponding equivalent in Russian; many of them do have a Russian (very often explanatory) equivalent. For instance, such nouns as brand, merger, summit, default, deposit, site, spam, tuner, web surfing and adjectives as local, creative, top have equivalents in Russian, but the new foreign word is usually preferred (the tendency as a rule is started by the mass media). this may be explained by the fact that a borrowing often has a semantic compactness, whereas a Russian equivalent has a descriptive character—in some cases a whole sentence must be used. So translators have to deal with the problem of either choosing a popular borrowing or go with the equivalent already existing in the language. Translators of a new generation prefer not to translate so-called Americanisms and foreign food names, as they are familiar to people of all countries, and the translator no longer has the absolute need to always find a translation of a term in the target language if this would make the target-language text lose credibility. This is called excessive translation. An excessive translation is a translation that fails to foreignise/exoticise, i. e. , use source-language terms in the target-language text, to the degree that is now acceptable2. Those educated in the 60s, 50s and earlier strongly believe that foreign equivalents should be avoided, especially when a corresponding term or notion exists in the language: In very rare cases, only when its absolutely necessary for the narration of a character to use a foreign word, a Russian equivalent is always better and more appropriate. This holds true for newspapers and journals, and is hundredfold more important in fiction. 3 Certainly appearing of new criteria to what should be called an adequate translation affected the translation of fiction. Thats why new translations of novels already translated into Russian appeared recently. The most popular ones are the translations of F. S. Fitzgeralds novels The Great Gatsby and Tender is the Night. The general tendency is a frequent use of anglicisms in the TL, even though they are not present in the text of the original: Now it has become a summer resort of notable and fashionable people; in 1925 it was almost deserted after its English clientele went north in April; only the cupolas of dozen old villas rotted like water lilies among the massed pines4. The phrase a summer resort of notable and fashionable people in Russian corresponds to many various bungalows have been built (Ð ­Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ã' Ã µÃ ¹Ã'‡Ð °Ã'  Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð ¼Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ½Ã'‹Ã'… Ð ±Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã ³Ã °Ã »Ã ¾). For no obvious reason, the translator uses a nowadays fashionable world bungalow, which is not even present in the original English text. Other examples might include the following translating inconsistencies (fraternity was translated into Russian translation by the equivalent of student corporations; market umbrella was translated as huge tent). In all cases Russian equivalents could be used (as were in the previous translation by E. D. Kalashnikova). There is also a number of colloquial words and expressions unnecessarily used in the new translation: cafe is translated as kafeshka (a diminutive form for cafe); specious reasoning is translated as tufta (a colloquial word, meaning malarkey, crap); horse-trader as torgash (a derisive synonym of merchant, could be translated as torgovets or, as it was in Kalashinkovas version, barishnik); worlds bazaar received an equivalent of world market (it sounded so much nicer in Kalashnikovas translation as lifes fair—jarmarka zhizni). The only positive trend in the new translation philosophy is that, instead of generalizing or omitting certain notions (which didnt exist in the Soviet society), the exact specific equivalent can be used: terrier is now present in the Russian language, although in the first translation it had to be translated as little dog (pjosik); cauliflower had to be translated as cabbage. The use of these nouns is possible thanks to the economic transformations on the Russian market, not because of a translators talent. First translations of the novels that werent published in Russia before due to a number of reasons, for example, explicit descriptions of sexuality, have also appeared. John Updikes novels, known for his pointillist style5 filled with sharp realistic descriptions, have just recently become available to the Russian reader. On the whole, the artistic qualities of Updikes style are not lost in these translations. However, certain translating choices are not very clear mostly due to the fact that the effect produced by the original is not the same as the one produced by the translation. In Rabbit, Run, Updikes most famous novel, there are instances when women characters appear less appealing in Russian than in the original. Rabbits wife, who, being compared to his mistress, is described as mysterious, an opaque and virginal wife6 in Russian turned into an incomprehensible, sullen and indifferent boulder7 (Ð ½Ã µÃ ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¹, Ã'Æ'Ð ³Ã'€Ã'ŽÐ ¼Ã ¾Ã ¹, Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ ¾ Ð ²Ã' Ã µÃ ¼Ã'Æ' Ð ³Ã »Ã'‹Ð ±Ã ¾Ã ¹)—clearly, the translator is taking the mistresss side in this situation. The same mistress, when Rabbit is thinking about returning to her, reasonably inquires How would you support me? . 8 In Russian this stylistically neutral phrase changes into a rude vulgar expression meaning On what a fig would you feed me? (Na kakie shishi ti budesh menja kormit)9. The references that we have about certain phenomena are not always taken into consideration. When describing the Springers the author remarks on some of their qualities, which are thoroughly meshed into the strategies of middle-class life. 10 In Russian strategies of middle-class life become petit bourgeois way of life11 (Ð ¼Ã µÃ »Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ±Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¶Ã'Æ'Ð °Ã ·Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã · Ð ¶Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ½Ã ¸)—an expression that has a very negative connotation for the Russian reader. Somehow, in other situations, rather emotional English equivalents are substituted by neutral Russian words. In the phrase The reason Fosnacht keeps getting Billy all this expensive crap is probably he feels guilty for leaving him12 the word crap which shows Rabbits negative and scornful attitude to the discussed problem is translated by the noun things (shtuki), in translation the whole communicative aim of this situation is lost. 13 Russian linguists, who assign great importance to the communicative function of the process of translation, are certainly concerned about the quality of the published translations. Maybe this is one of the reasons why so many articles devoted to the problems of Linguistic Pragmatics are being published. Linguistic Pragmatics underlines the necessity of interpreting the situation and analyzing the communicative possibilities of how it can be perceived by those involved in this communicative process, thus providing the basis for human interaction. The translation, viewed within the framework of Linguistic Pragmatics, concentrates not on the semantic meaning of the SL text, but on its communicative aim. Questions about translation quality push Applied Linguistics to a new stage of development (because it includes the science of translation). Arguments on how to treat numerous neologisms and borrowings arriving into the Russian language have revived the advancement of Lexicography—the science of dictionary compiling. Online dictionaries gain more significance for both specialists and amateur users. As online dictionaries can be regularly updated, their users wont have to deal with the problem of outdated vocabulary, which will still exist in the database, but with the necessary markers. Specialized vocabulary is duly marked and all the possible combinations are represented in the database, for e. g. the noun balance has many meanings pertaining to different spheres such as aviation, automobile industry, banking, biology, mining, bookkeeping, etc. , but hyperlinks take users to the needed meaning in seconds. Therefore in the 21st century, when effective communication has become the center of our professional lives, the importance of finding better ways of translating is increasing. Due to globalization and establishment of transnational corporations, new criteria appear of what can be regarded as an adequate translation. Introducing neologisms and borrowings into translation of articles from magazines and scientific journals might be viewed as a modern and open-minded approach; however translators should be extremely careful about not overloading fiction with unnecessary foreign expressions. It is important to remember at whom the translation is targeted and what communicative effect it is supposed to produce. The debates about what can be considered an equivalent translation give rise to a new stage of development of Applied Linguistics and other linguistic sciences, which are becoming more and more concerned about achieving communicative excellence in the modern world. Formation of English Neologisms Introduction Distinctive features of news headlines Formation of english neologisms Use of Translation Methods When Translating News Headlines Common Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation Peculiar Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation 1. The use of word-formative means (suffixes, prefixes, composition). Among the most productive neologism-formative suffixes are –ian, -ation: Ballistician – Ã' Ã ¿Ã µÃ'†Ð ¸Ã °Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ±Ã °Ã »Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ µ ( as musician, physician, etc); Commodification – Ð ¸Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ·Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ´Ã µÃ ½Ã µÃ ³ Ð ² Ð ºÃ °Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µ Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ð °, Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ½Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã °Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¸ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ½Ã ° Ð ´Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ¹ ( as simplification). Other productive neologism-formative suffixes are: -ship brinkmanship – Ð ±Ã °Ã »Ã °Ã ½Ã' Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ³Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¹Ã ½Ã'‹; craftsmanship – Ð ¸Ã' Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ã' Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ´Ã µÃ ¹Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¼Ã °Ã' Ã' Ã'‹; showmanship – Ã'Æ'Ð ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ °Ã ·Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€ Ð »Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¾Ã ¼; Ð ¿Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã'‹Ð »Ã'Å' Ð ² Ð ³Ã »Ã °Ã ·Ã ° -dom bangdom – Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ±Ã °Ã ½Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¼; bogdom – Ð ¶Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ½Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã ¸Ã º; suckerdom Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã µÃ' Ã ´Ã µÃ'† -ize  itemize – Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã' Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã ºÃ'‚Ð °Ã ¼; institutionalize – Ã'Æ'Ð ·Ã °Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'; unionize – Ð ±Ã'‹Ã' ‚Ã'Å' Ã'‡Ð »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¾Ã ¼ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'„Ã' Ã ¾Ã'ŽÐ ·Ã ° Neologisms formed via composition are constantly appearing in the English language as well: Laptop (= notebook) – Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð µÃ'€ (Ð ´Ã ¾Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾ – Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð µÃ'€, Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ´Ã µÃ'€Ð ¶Ã °Ã'‚ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã' Ã'… Ð ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð ² Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µ Ð ±Ã »Ã ¾Ã ºÃ ½Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð °); Know-how – Ð ½Ã ¾Ã'Æ'-Ã'…Ð °Ã'Æ', Ã'‚Ð µÃ'…Ð ½Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¸Ã' ; Stay-in – Ð ¿Ã ¸Ã ºÃ µÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ; Sit-in – Ã' Ã ¸Ã ´Ã' Ã'‡Ð °Ã'  Ð ·Ã °Ã ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ °; Buy-in –Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ã' Ã ´Ã µÃ »Ã ºÃ ° (Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ'€Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã µ Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã'…Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ¾Ã ² Ð ·Ã ° Ã' Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã °Ã ²Ã'†Ð ° Ð ½Ã ° Ð ±Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ¶Ã µ); Shut-down – Ð ·Ã °Ã ºÃ'€Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã µ, Ð »Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'  (Ð ·Ã °Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã °); Brain-drain – Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‡Ð ºÃ ° Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²; Has-been – Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ð ´Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å', Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ²Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ¹ Ã' Ã ²Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ²Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ. Here the challenge for a translator is to preserve the style of a news headline and at the same time give an adequate russian variant of a headline: â€Å"Russia: the brain-drain drains technological progress† – â€Å"Ð  Ã ¾Ã' Ã' Ã ¸Ã'  : Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‡Ð ºÃ ° Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ² Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ¸Ã'‚ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã µ Ð ²Ã'‹Ã' Ã ¾Ã ºÃ ¸Ã'… Ã'‚Ð µÃ'…Ð ½Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¸Ã ¹Ã¢â‚¬ . ( «International Herald Tribune »). 2. Recomprehension of the existing words. It means that well-known words acquire new meanings. For example, the word summit which is frequently used in news headlines and is traditionally rendered into Russian Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ½Ã °, Ð ²Ã'‹Ã' Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'  Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'‡Ð ºÃ ° acquired the new meaning in the late 70-is: Ð ²Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ° Ð ½Ã ° Ð ²Ã'‹Ã' Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ¼ Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ½Ã µ, Ð ²Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ° Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã µÃ ¹ Ð ³Ã ¾Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã °Ã'€Ã' Ã'‚Ð ². Here is another example. The medical term domino denotes an operation during which a surgeon transplants patient A with a heart and lungs of the donor who has died of brain hemorrhage, and patient B is transplanted with an old heart of patient A. This neologism emerged in the 80-s as a result of the re-comprehension of the word domino the game in which each die is divided into two equal parts. The basic meaning of the word colour-blind is Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ º, Ð ½Ã µ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð °Ã'ŽÃ'‰Ð ¸Ã ¹ Ã'†Ð ²Ã µÃ'‚Ð °, Ð ´Ã °Ã »Ã'Å'Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ¸Ã º. In the last quarter of the 20-th century it acquired the new meaning – Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ º, Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ½Ã µ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ´Ã µÃ »Ã' Ã µÃ'‚ Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ´Ã µÃ ¹ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¸ Ð ½Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ (Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¹) Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã °Ã ´Ã »Ã µÃ ¶Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚ Ð ¸. The word shuttle originated as Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ½Ã ¾Ã º (Ð ºÃ °Ã º Ð ´Ã µÃ'‚Ð °Ã »Ã'Å' Ã'ˆÐ ²Ã µÃ ¹Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¼Ã °Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ½Ã'‹). Via recomprehension of its original meaning it acquired several new ones: Ð ºÃ ¾Ã' Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'€Ð °Ã ±Ã »Ã'Å' Ð ¼Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ¸Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ·Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'  (shuttle spaceship); Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ'†, Ã' Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ'€Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'ŽÃ'‰Ð ¸Ã ¹ Ã'€Ð µÃ ¹Ã' Ã'‹ Ð ·Ã ° Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ð °Ã ¼Ã ¸ Ð ² Ã' Ã ¾Ã' Ã µÃ ´Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã'‹ Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð °Ã'ŽÃ'‰Ð ¸Ã ¹ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ±Ã'‹Ð »Ã'Å' Ð ½Ã ° Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð µ Ð ² Ã'†Ð µÃ ½Ã µ (shuttle trader). A big amount of neologisms formed in this way have appeared in computer terminology: Web – Ð ²Ã' Ã µÃ ¼Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ¿Ã °Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ° (ИÐ ½Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€ Ð ½Ã µÃ'‚); Mouse – Ð ¼Ã'‹Ã'ˆÃ'Å'; Site – Ã' Ã °Ã ¹Ã'‚ (Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ° Ð ² ИÐ ½Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ½Ã µÃ'‚Ð µ); Browser – Ð ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'Æ'Ð ·Ã µÃ'€ (Ð ¾Ã'‚ Ð ³Ã ». to browse – Ð ±Ã »Ã'Æ'Ð ¶Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'); Serve – Ã' Ã µÃ'€Ð ²Ã µÃ'€ (Ð ¾Ã'‚ to serve – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã' Ã »Ã'Æ'Ð ¶Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'). When making a translation of a news headline containing a neologism formed by means of recomprehension it is recommended either to keep to the method of descriptive translation or give the transliteration of the neologism with the following explanation which as a rule is to be found in the beginning of the article : â€Å"The country’s fifth domino was carried out in Arizona† – â€Å"Ð’ Ð °Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼ Ã'ˆÃ'‚Ð °Ã'‚Ð µ Ð Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ ½Ã ° Ð ¿Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã'  Ð ² Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã µ Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'   «Ã ´Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ¾Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ . ( «Sunday Times »). (The set-out of the russian variant reads: ДÐ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ¾ – Ð ¼Ã µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ¼Ã ¸Ã ½, Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã » Ð °Ã ºÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾ Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ ±Ã »Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'  Ð ½Ã µ Ã'‚Ð °Ã º Ã'Æ'Ð ¶ Ð ´Ã °Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾. ОÐ ½ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð °Ã µÃ'‚ Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'Ž Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã °Ã ´Ã ºÃ µ Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ², Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¿Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ã'Æ' Ð  Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã °Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'ŽÃ'‚ Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã µ Ã' Ã µÃ'€Ð ´Ã'†Ð µ Ð ¸ Ð »Ã µÃ ³Ã ºÃ ¸Ã µ Ð ¾Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ²Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ³Ã ¾ Ð ºÃ'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ¸Ã ·Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ² Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ³ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã'€Ð °, Ð ° Ð ¿Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ã'Æ' Б Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã °Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'ŽÃ'‚ Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã'€Ð ¾Ã µ Ã' Ã µÃ'€Ð ´Ã'†Ð µ Ð ¿Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ð ° Ð ). 3. Abbreviations and acronyms. Here are the abbreviations most widely used in news headlines: S. W. I. F. T. – The Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunications; TCB – take care of business – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ'Æ'Ã' Ã ¿Ã µÃ ²Ã °Ã '‚Ã'Å' Ð ² Ð ±Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ½Ã µÃ' Ã µ; Benelux – Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg – БÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã »Ã'ŽÐ ºÃ' ; CCFF – Compensatory and Contingency Financing Facility. (ÐÅ"Ð µÃ'…Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ¼ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã µÃ ½Ã' Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ¸ Ã'‡Ã'€Ð µÃ ·Ã ²Ã'‹Ã'‡Ð °Ã ¹Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ã'„Ð ¸Ã ½Ã °Ã ½Ã' Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã' , Ð ¡Ã ¡Ã ¤Ã ¤); CPI – Consumer Price Index (ИÐ ½Ã ´Ã µÃ ºÃ'  ПÐ ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ ±Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã'… Ð ¦Ã µÃ ½, ИПÐ ¦); EFTA – European Free Trade Association (ЕÐ ²Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ð Ã' Ã' Ã ¾Ã'†Ð ¸Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'  Ð ¡Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¢Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã »Ã ¸, ЕÐ Ã ¡Ã ¢); EMS – European Monetary System (ЕÐ ²Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ð’Ð °Ã »Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ¡Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð µÃ ¼Ã °, ЕВÐ ¡); IBRD – International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (ÐÅ"Ð µÃ ¶Ã ´Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã °Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ БÐ °Ã ½Ã º Ð  Ã µÃ ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ð ¸ à   Ã °Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã' , Ð’Ã' Ã µÃ ¼Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ БÐ °Ã ½Ã º); IMF – International Monetary Fund (ÐÅ"Ð µÃ ¶Ã ´Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã °Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð’Ð °Ã »Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¤Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ´, ÐÅ"Ð’Ð ¤); OECD – Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (ОÃ'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'  Ð ­Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ¡Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ° Ð ¸ Ð  Ã °Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã' , ОÐ ­Ã ¡Ã  ); SDR – Special Drawing Rights (Ð ¼Ã µÃ ¶Ã ´Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã °Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ° Ð ¡Ãâ€Ã  ); SNA – System of National Accounts (Ð ¡Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð µÃ ¼Ã ° Ð ½Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ã'… Ã' Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚Ð ¾Ã ², Ð ¡Ã Ã ¡); VER – Voluntary Export Restraints (Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ¾Ã ³Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã' Ã ºÃ' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã'€Ã'‚Ð °): â€Å"OECD board meeting takes place on Monday† – â€Å"Ð’ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º Ã' Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã' Ã'Å' Ð ·Ã °Ã' Ã µÃ ´ Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã'‡Ð »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¾Ã ² ОÃ'€Ð ³Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ã' Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ° Ð ¸ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã' Ã¢â‚¬  ( «Business Week »). Semantic transformations are inescapable when dealing with news headlines. The incentive for it is a huge amount of the so called headline vocabulary in the English language, often referred to as headlinese, which demands certain modifications when making a translation. Here is a list of words from the  «headline slang »: ban, bid, claim, crash, cut, dash, hit, move, pact, plea, probe, quit, quiz, rap, Red, rush, slash. These short words which can be easily inserted into a headline are characterized by a wide field of their use. Thus, bid is not only Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ,Ð ·Ã °Ã' Ã ²Ã ºÃ °,Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ºÃ °, but also Ã'ˆÐ °Ã ³,Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¸Ã °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ²Ã °, Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã ¸Ã »Ã ¸Ã µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢; hit —not only Ð ½Ã °Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã °Ã'€,Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'Æ'Ã'‰Ð µÃ'€Ð ±,Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² Ã'†Ð µÃ »Ã'Å',but Ð ºÃ'€Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'  Ð ½Ã ° Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾-Ð »Ã ¸Ã ±Ã ¾, Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² Ð ¿Ã'Æ'Ã'… Ð ¸ Ð ² Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã'… ; pact — not only Ð ¿Ã °Ã ºÃ'‚,Ã' Ã ¾Ã ³Ã »Ã °Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ,Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€, but Ã' Ã ´Ã µÃ »Ã ºÃ °, Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ã' Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€; probe — not only Ð ·Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ, but Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ±Ã ¾Ã µ Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¸Ã µ,Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ´Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ,Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ'€Ð ºÃ ° as well; quit —not only Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ºÃ'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å', but also Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ ·Ã ¶Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ °, Ã' Ã ²Ã °Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã' ; quiz — not only Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' ,but Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ²Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÐ ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ·Ã °Ã ´Ã °Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã'‹. It is important to point out that such words have already almost utterly replaced their synonyms in news headlines. Thus, ban taken the place of forbid and prohibit; rap — of criticize, reprimand, interrogate. Wide semantics of headline words demand context-conditioned transformations in the translation. In the majority of  cases concrete definition (hyponimic transformation) takes place in the Russian variant. The accurate sense of the headline is as usual revealed in the beginning of the article: Minebea Fous Trafalgar-Glen Bid(The Independent). Comp. The article’s outset : Minebea Corp, of Japan, the worlds largest maker of precision bearings, has foiled a hostile takeover attempt by a US-British financial group, the Kyodo News Service reported Friday. Here the outset takes away the polysemy of the headline word replacing it by the corresponding equivalent which is included into the concretizing and defining context : Trafalgar-Glen Bid — a hostile takeover attempt by a US-British financial group. In that way the translation may sound as follows: :ПÃ'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã » Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ºÃ ¸ Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¾-Ð °Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¸Ã ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ³Ã »Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ã'Ž Ã'„Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¼Ã'Æ' or ПÃ'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã » Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'‹Ã'‚Ð ºÃ ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ´Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ã'Ž Ã'„Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¼Ã'Æ' Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¾-Ð °Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã'Æ' Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã »Ã'Ž. Polysemic interprepretation of a news headline can also be conditioned by the use of certain syntactic constructions, nominal phrases in particular, which can be interpreted in different ways, for instance : Benn Blasts Tory Nuclear Cover-up. (The Times). It is impossible to translate the phrase Ð ¢Ã ¾rÃ'Æ' Nuclear Cover-up† without the context. Alternative versions are possible because of the bearing word of the phrase – cover up – derived from the phrasal verb to cover up Ã'‚Ã'‰Ð °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾ Ã' Ã ºÃ'€Ã'‹Ð ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ'€Ã'‹Ð ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾-Ð »Ã ¸Ã ±Ã ¾. But the main difficulty originates from the elliptic character of the whole phrase. The clue to the accurate interpretation of the phrase lies in the article’s outset : Labour MP Ð ¢Ã ¾nÃ'Æ' Benn last night accused the government of totally misleadingthe British people about nuclear power. Thus, cover-up means here not merely â€Å"Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð °Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µÃ¢â‚¬ , but also â€Å"Ð ´Ã µÃ ·Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã' Ã¢â‚¬ , and the omitted element in the nominal phrase above is power (Tory nuclear cover-up—Tory nuclear power cover-up). The following variants of translation are possible: БÐ µÃ ½Ã ½ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ²Ã ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã µÃ'‚ Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸ Ð ² Ð ´Ã µÃ ·Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã °Ã ¼ Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¼Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ã' Ã ½Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã ¸Ã ¸ or БÐ µÃ ½Ã ½ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ¾Ã ±Ã »Ã °Ã'‡Ð °Ã µÃ'‚ Ð ´Ã µÃ ·Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'Ž Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã °Ã ¼ Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¼ Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ã' Ã ½Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã ¸Ã ¸. In the instance above the main difficulty connected with the interpretation of the nominal phrase is determined by its elliptic structure. In the following news headline elliptic structure is combined with the polysemy of semantic relations between the phrase components: â€Å"Power Station Action Starts Today (â€Å"The Times†). In this case power station can be realated to action as : 1) the agent, 2) the object, 3) the adverbial modifier of place. What is more, the phrase might be supposed to be characterized by semantic incompletness. The answers to these questions are to be found in the set-out: Todays Start of national industrial action in Britains power stations forms the background to the biennial Conferences of the electricians union in Scarborough. Hence power station is related to action as an adverbial modifier and the element omitted is the word combination industrial action Ð ·Ã °Ã ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ °. Thus the Russian variants may be as follows: Ðâ€"Ð °Ã ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ ¸ Ð ½Ã ° Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã'… Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã' Ã'…Ð ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã µ Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ'‚Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ ¸ Ð ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'ŽÃ'‚. It is important to notice the essential difference between Russian and English news headlines. This difference mainly denotes the extent to which the article contents are reflected in the headline. The authors of the British and American news article keep to the following principle when creating headlines: : Headlines should tell the story†. Thus a headline is the compressed to the limit variant of the main text :Dusseldorfs State Gallery Proves a Mausoleum for Mummified Modernism; First Chicago Bank Says Profit Rose 58% for Initial Period. (The Sun). The Russian news headlines are based on a different principle: as a rule they place an emphasis on one element of the text contents – â€Å"Ðâ€"Ð °Ã'…Ð ²Ã °Ã'‚ Ð ·Ã °Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ² Ð ² БÐ µÃ' Ã »Ã °Ã ½Ã µÃ¢â‚¬  ( «Ãâ€™Ã µÃ'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ¹ ÐÅ"Ð ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã º) » . In such cases additional information is required because the method of literal translation does not guarantee an adequate English variant. Common Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation Introduction Distinctive features of news headlines Formation of english neologisms The Use of Translation Methods When Translating News Headlines Common Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation Peculiar Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation 1. Inversion. This transformation is demanded by a fixed word order in the English sentence. It is often conditioned on the degree of compatibility freedom in both languages : â€Å"Most favoured nation trading status† – â€Å"Ð ¡Ã'‚Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'  Ð ½Ã °Ã ¸Ã ±Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ³Ã ¾ Ð ±Ã »Ã °Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ² Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã »Ã µÃ¢â‚¬ . ( «The Economist »). Polynomial word combinations which are frequently used for creating news headlines in the British and American periodicals often include attributes which represent a full sentence: â€Å"The no-room-at-the-inn incident† – â€Å"ИÐ ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚, Ã' Ã ²Ã' Ã ·Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã'  Ð ¾Ã'‚Ã' Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¸Ã µÃ ¼ Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã'‚ Ð ² Ð ³Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ð µÃ¢â‚¬  ( «The Sun »). The principle of the translation of such news headlines includes the following steps : 1. To figure out the bearing word; 2. To select semantic groups; 3. To make a t ranslation starting with the bearing word. 2. The replacement of parts of speech or parts of a sentence. In some cases the replacement of certain parts of speech or members of sentence is required in order to achieve adequate translation: â€Å"Bill Clinton faces bypass operation † – â€Å"БÐ ¸Ã »Ã »Ã'Æ' КÐ »Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ½Ã'Æ' Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ½Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¸ Ã'ˆÃ'Æ'Ð ½Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µÃ¢â‚¬  (â€Å"International Herald Tribune†). It is the syntactical and semantic transformation that the sentence undergoes in the above case – the definite clause is replaced by the indefinite one due to the peculiarities of the Russian language. Thus, the simple predicate faces in the English headline is substituted for the complex verbal predicate Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¸Ã'‚ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ½Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¸ in the Russian variant. 3. Word addition is required in order to clear up the meaning of a headline and deliver adequate translation: â€Å"For Bush it’s the man (not a detailed plan) that matters† – â€Å"ДÐ »Ã'  БÃ'Æ'Ã'ˆÐ ° Ð ²Ã °Ã ¶Ã µÃ ½ Ð ½Ã µ Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ºÃ ¾ Ð ´Ã µÃ'‚Ð °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¿Ã »Ã °Ã ½, Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ºÃ ¾ Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ º, Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð µÃ ³Ã ¾Ã¢â‚¬  ( «International Herald Tribune »). The laconism of the English language allows to omit the subordinate clause we add to the Russian variant without any significant changes in the meaning. As one can observe, apart from the method of word addition the method of inversion is also used in this case. Another example is:  «Feel the hate, fear and loathing in New York »  «ÃÅ¸Ã ¾Ã'‡Ã'Æ'Ð ²Ã'‡Ã'‚Ð ²Ã'Æ'Ð ¹Ã'‚Ð µ Ð ½Ã µÃ ½Ã °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã'… Ð ¸ Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ²Ã'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ, Ã'†Ð °Ã'€Ã' Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã µ Ð ² Ð Ã'Å'Ã'Ž-ЙÐ ¾Ã'€Ð ºÃ µÃ‚ ». ( «International Herald Tribune »); â€Å"U. S. reservist convicted over abuse in Iraqi prison† – â€Å"Ð Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ã'€Ð µÃ ·Ã µÃ'€Ð ²Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚ Ð ¾Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ¶Ã ´Ã µÃ ½ Ð ·Ã ° Ð ¶Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ºÃ ¾Ã µ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã'  Ð ·Ã °Ã ºÃ »Ã'ŽÃ'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¼Ã ¸ Ð ² Ð ¸Ã'€Ð °Ã ºÃ' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¹ Ã'‚Ã'ŽÃ'€Ã'Å'Ð ¼Ã µÃ¢â‚¬ . ( «International Herald Tribune »). 4.  Literal translation can take place in case of the similarity of the syntactical structure and word order in the English and the Russian sentence. In this case the English news h eadline may be rendered into Russian without any significant changes. Here it is possible to omit an article or any other functional word or to change the semantic character of a word. Literal translation should not be mixed with a word-for-word translation which always leads to a mistake. Exampler of the use of literal translation method:  «Lebanon extends term of its president »  «Ãâ€ºÃ ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã ½ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã »Ã µÃ ²Ã °Ã µÃ'‚ Ã' Ã'€Ð ¾Ã º Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ·Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ð °Ã‚ ». ( «International Herald Tribune  »). The Use of Translation Methods When Translating News Headlines Introduction Distinctive features of news headlines Formation of english neologisms. The Use of Translation Methods When Translating News Headlines Common Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation Peculiar Methods of Newspaper Headlines Translation 1) The structure of news headlines often includes free word combinations. Thus, their peculiarities are worth considering when translating a headline. In free word combinations words preserve their meanings. That is why when translating a free word combination it is necessary to know the translation of each of its components. In case there are no corresponding linguistic items in the Russian language to the English ones the translation method to be used is called replication. Replication means that all the components of a word combination are rendered without any changes. Thanks to the method of replication there is a huge amount of international notions which are widely used in news headlines: †¢ Shuttle diplomacy Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ½Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ´Ã ¸Ã ¿Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã' ; †¢ Vicious circle – Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'‡Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ºÃ'€Ã'Æ'Ð ³; †¢ Head of the government – Ð ³Ã »Ã °Ã ²Ã ° Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã °; †¢ Free economic zone – Ã' Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ð ·Ã ¾Ã ½Ã °; †¢ Maldistribution of costs – Ð ½Ã µÃ ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ·Ã °Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã'‚; †¢ Jobless rate – Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã'€Ð °Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'†Ã'‹:  «Jobless rate tips lower in France » –  «Ãâ€™Ã ¾ Ð ¤Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ã' Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ¸Ã »Ã' Ã'  Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã'€Ð °Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'†Ã'‹.  » ( «International Herald Tribune »). It should be noted however that replication does not mean mere mechanical rendering of the meanings of a free word combination components. These components often stay in complicated relationships with each other. Even the most simple attributive groups which coincide in their structure with the Russian combinations â€Å"Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã »Ã °Ã ³Ã °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µ+Ã' Ã'Æ'Ã'‰Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µÃ¢â‚¬  (A+N: Adjective+Noun) can be difficult to translate because: 1. An English word (adjective in the function of an attribute) can be translated in different ways depending on the meaning of a noun that follows: †¢ Public opinion – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'‰Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ¼Ã ½Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ; †¢ Public debt – Ð ³Ã ¾Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã °Ã'€Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã ³; †¢ Public scandal – Ð ¿Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã ´Ã °Ã »:  «Public debt of Lybia increases by 2,8 % over 8 months » –  «Ãâ€œÃ ¾Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã °Ã'€Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã ³ ЛÐ ¸Ã ²Ã ¸Ã ¸ Ã'Æ'Ð ²Ã µÃ »Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã »Ã' Ã'  Ð ·Ã ° 8 Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã' Ã'†Ð µÃ ² Ð ½Ã ° 2,8 %  » ( «The Economist »). 2. The Russian variant bears a preposition: †¢ Europian securiy – Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² ЕÐ ²Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µ; †¢ Stateless citizen – Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ º Ð ±Ã µÃ · Ð ³Ã'€Ð °Ã ¶Ã ´Ã °Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã °; †¢ Terrorist trial – Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ´ Ð ½Ã °Ã ´ Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã ¼Ã ¸; †¢ Commercial revolution – Ã'€Ð µÃ ²Ã ¾Ã »Ã'ŽÃ'†Ð ¸Ã'  Ð ² Ã' Ã'„Ð µÃ'€Ð µ Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ½Ã ºÃ °: „Who is to be responsible for European Security? â€Å" – „КÃ'‚Ð ¾ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¶Ã µÃ ½ Ð ½Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¸ Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ'‚Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ·Ã ° Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² ЕÐ ²Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µ? â€Å"(„The Timesâ€Å"). 3. Components of an attributive group are shifted: †¢ Working expectancy – Ð ¾Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã ´Ã °Ã µÃ ¼Ã °Ã'  Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'‚Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ´Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸; †¢ Administrative efficiency – Ã'Æ'Ð ¼Ã µÃ »Ã ¾Ã µ Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾:  «Crisis overcome due to administrative efficiency »  «Ãâ€˜Ã »Ã °Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ´Ã °Ã'€Ã'  Ã'Æ'Ð ¼Ã µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã'Æ' Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã'Æ' Ð ºÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ¾Ã ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã‚ ». ( «International Herald Tribune  »). 2)News headlines can be well characterized by the frequent use of phraseological units. Phraseological units are more or less stable word combinations the meaning of which is determined by the whole unit but not by the meanings of each of its components: †¢ It’s high time – Ð ´Ã °Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'€Ð °; †¢ Take your time – Ð ½Ã µ Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ' Ã'Å'; †¢ Help yourself – Ã'Æ'Ð ³Ã ¾Ã'‰Ð °Ã ¹Ã'‚Ð µÃ' Ã'Å':  «A new delicious production of â€Å"Kaligula†: theatrical epicures, please help yourself »  «Ã Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'  Ð ¸Ã ·Ã'‹Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ °  «ÃÅ¡Ã °Ã »Ã ¸Ã ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã'‹Â » Ã'Æ'Ð ³Ã ¾Ã'‰Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ´Ã »Ã'  Ã'‚Ð µÃ °Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ã'… Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ²Ã‚ » ( «The Daily Telegraph »). British and American news headlines are rich in both figurative and non-figurative phraseological units. Non-figurative phraseological units are also called fraseological combinations. The components in them preserve their meanings but combine with certain words only, that is why it is impossible to change them ad arbitruim: †¢ To take measures – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¼Ã µÃ'€Ã'‹; †¢ To make a decision – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'€Ð µÃ'ˆÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ; †¢ To achieve results – Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'  Ã'€Ð µÃ ·Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã'Å'Ã'‚Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²; †¢ To pay attention – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ (Ã' Ã ²Ã ¾Ã µ); †¢ To draw attention – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ (Ã'‡Ã'Å'Ð µ-Ã'‚Ð ¾):  «Troops start storming school in Beslan – who makes decision?  » –  «ÃÅ¡Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã' Ã » Ã'€Ð µÃ'ˆÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'ˆÃ'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¼ Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã'‹ Ð ² БÐ µÃ' Ã »Ã °Ã ½Ã µ?  » ( «International Herald Tribune »). The translation of non-figurative phraseological expressions into Russian can be carried out in two different ways: The 1st method – the expression is rendered into one Russian word: †¢ To take a risk – Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'; †¢ To have a rest – Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'…Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å'; †¢ To take offence – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å'Ã' Ã' ; †¢ To take a nap – Ð ²Ã ·Ã ´Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'Å':  «Does NTT general director take big risks?  »  «Ã ¡Ã µÃ'€Ã'Å'Ð µÃ ·Ã ½Ã ¾ Ð »Ã ¸ Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð µÃ'‚ Ð ³Ã µÃ ½Ã µÃ'€Ð °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ´Ã ¸Ã'€Ð µÃ ºÃ'‚Ð ¾Ã'€ Ð ­Ã ½-Ã'‚Ð ¸-Ã'‚Ð ¸?  » ( «The Times†). The 2d method – a phraseological unit is rendered into equivalent combinations (absolute and relative): a) absolute equivalents: o shadow cabinet – Ã'‚Ð µÃ ½Ã µÃ ²Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ °Ã ±Ã ¸Ã ½Ã µÃ'‚; o to hit the target – Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² Ã'†Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'; o golden share – Ð ·Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð °Ã'  Ð °Ã ºÃ'†Ð ¸Ã' ; o to put an end to – Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ'†, Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ¾Ã ´Ã ¾Ã »Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å'; o the root of the trouble – Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð ·Ã »Ã °; o to read between lines – Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¼Ã µÃ ¶Ã ´Ã'Æ' Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã º: â€Å"Terrorism – where root of trouble to be found† – â€Å"Ð ¢Ã µÃ'€Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¼ – Ð ² Ã'‡Ð µÃ ¼ Ð ºÃ'€Ð ¾Ã µÃ'‚Ã' Ã'  Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð ·Ã »Ã °? † ( «International Herald Tribune »). b) relative equivalents: o to take into account – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ²Ã ¾ Ð ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ; o to make a point – Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¾Ã' Ã ¾Ã ±Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ; o to jump at conclusions – Ð ´Ã µÃ »Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¿Ã µÃ'ˆÐ ½Ã'‹Ð µ Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ´Ã'‹; o moment of silence – Ð ¼Ã ¸Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð ° Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã »Ã'‡Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã' ; o ups-and-downs – Ð ²Ã ·Ã »Ã µÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã °Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã' ; o at the worlds end – Ð ½Ã ° Ð ºÃ'€Ð °Ã'Ž Ã' Ã ²Ã µÃ'‚Ð °; o think tank – Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ã'†Ð µÃ ½Ã'‚Ã'€; o token strike – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã °Ã'  Ð ·Ã °Ã ±Ã °Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ °:  «Ups-and-downs of Rolex: brief outlook on history »  «Ãâ€™Ã ·Ã »Ã µÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã °Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð  Ã ¾Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ' Ã °: Ð ²Ã ·Ã ³Ã »Ã' Ã ´ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'Ž Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¸Ã‚ » ( «Business Week »). All in all, to whatever extent the components of a phraseological unit might be semantically connected, the main rule when making a translation is to observe the norms of the Russian language and avoid literal translation and violation of the Russian set expressions. Figurative phraseological units are also known as idioms. Idioms can be often found in news headlines as well. An idiom is a set  expression (conversational formula) the meaning of which does not arise from the sum of its components meanings: o through thick and thin –Ð ²Ã ¾ Ã'‡Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ð ±Ã'‹ Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ð ½Ã ¸ Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã »Ã ¾; o tooth and nail – Ð ½Ã µ Ð ¶Ã °Ã »Ã µÃ'  Ã' Ã ¸Ã », Ð ·Ã °Ã' Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ² Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ °Ã ²Ã °; o its raining cats and dogs – Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ´Ã'Å' Ð »Ã'Å'Ð µÃ'‚ Ð ºÃ °Ã º Ð ¸Ã · Ð ²Ã µÃ ´Ã'€Ð °; o to be caught red-handed Ð ±Ã'‹Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¹Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¼ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð µ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã' :  «US guardsman caught red-handed »  «Ã Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ °Ã'€Ð °Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¹Ã ¼Ã °Ã ½ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð µ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã' Ã‚ » ( «International Herald Tribune »). When translating idioms one ought to use their Russi an equivalents.